Supply And Demand Of Urban Ecosystem Services Based On An Objective-subjective Coupled Method

In rapidly urbanizing region,the mismatch between the demand and supply of ecosystem services widely exists especially in those super mega cities.In the previous studies,the demand assessment is usually performed based on the objective data and indicators while neglecting the subjective perception of urban residents.It will constrain our understanding of citizens’ demand from urban ecosystems.In this study,Shanghai was selected as a case study area.Based on the questionnaire survey of Shanghai residents’ perception on the demand for ecosystem services,together multi-source data such as the high-resolution satellite remote sensing images of Tiandi Map of National Geographic Information Public Service Platform,and Globe-Land30 land use and land cover data,this study developed an objective-subjective coupled method to quantify the demand and supply of ecosystem services,to reveal the spatial pattern of their compatibility,and to propose policy suggestions for combat the mismatch problem.The results showed that: 1)The total price of ecosystem services in Shanghai was43.075 billion yuan in 2020,and the top three residents’ demand for ecosystem services are air purification,climate regulation,and recreation.The spatial pattern of the supply and demand of ecosystem services in Shanghai was characterized by "East and West Divergence,Polar Protrusion".There was an obvious difference in the supply and demand matching between Pudong and Puxi areas,and the supply of ecosystem services in Chongming District far exceeds demand;2)Along the spatial gradient of "center-suburban-exurb",the matching degree of supply and demand of ecosystem services presents a trend of overall increase and partial fluctuation.Therefore,different gradient management policies can be implemented for the urban center and exurb;3)In the research on matching types of supply and demand,urban administration can be divided into four types of areas: low supply-low demand,low supply-high demand,high supply-low demand,and high supply-high demand,and relevant regional construction suggestions are put forward: Low-supply-low-demand areas can be built as ecologically optimized areas,and the balance point level can be improved on the basis of ensuring the balance of supply and demand of ecosystem services;In low-supply-high-demand areas,the type of area should be distinguished,and the quality of the ecological environment in the area should be improved,thereby reducing the demand for ecosystem services;High-supply-low-demand areas can be built as ecological development zones.By developing ecological industries and expanding the scope of supply radiation,the purpose of transferring and consuming excess ecosystem service supplies can be achieved;high-supply-high-demand areas can be built as ecological protection zones.Through the implementation of protective ecological development policies,maintain the current situation of matching the supply and demand of ecosystem services;...