| South China Karst World Heritage Site has unparalleled natural beauty and landscape diversity.IUCN clearly proposes to focus on the ecosystem services of World Natural Heritage Sites.The study of ecosystem services and ecological compensation is an important way to realize the effective protection and management of heritage sites.It is of great significance for protecting the outstanding universal value of South China Karst and coordinating ecological environmental protection and balanced economic development.According to geography,environmental science,ecological economics,economic balance and ecological balance,co-evolution of human society and environment,ecosystem structure and function,and ecological environment value theory,aiming at the quantification of ecological assets and ecosystem services of World Heritage Sites,and the space heterogeneity of ecosystem services,the economic development of Word Heritage Site and the environmental protection and other scientific issues,the shibing karst and the libo-huanjiang karst are selected in the Guizhou karst region,which represents the overall structure of the southern karst world heritage ecological environment and the basic status of protection and management.For the study area,from 2018 to 2020,through field inspections,water and soil sampling analysis and testing,remote sensing image interpretation and data collection,using spatial analysis,equivalent factor analysis and other methods to compare and analyze the ecological assets and ecosystem service value of shibing karst and libo-huanjiang karst,focusing on clarifying the relationship between ecological assets,ecosystem services and ecological compensation,integrating innovative ecological assets and ecosystem service value evaluation systems,proposing ecological compensation mechanisms and ecological compensation strategies,and providing scientific reference for the ecological environment protection and sustainable development.of South China Karst.(1)The area of woodland and water area in shibing karst showed an overall increasing trend,and the area of cultivated land,farmland,grassland and construction land showed an overall decreasing trend.The area of forested land and water area in the libo-huanjiang karst has shown an increasing trend,and the overall area has shown a decrease in shrubland,arable land,grassland and construction land.The ecological environment of South China Karst has been greatly improved.In the past30 years,the proportion of forest land in shibing karst has increased from76.14%in 1990 to 93.29%in 2019;the proportion of farmland has dropped from 10.11%in 1990 to 0.67%in 2019;the proportion of cultivated land has increased from 4.00%in 1990 decreased to 1.49%in2019;the proportion of grassland area decreased from 6.01%in 1990 to0.94%in 2019;the proportion of changes in construction land and water areas was relatively small.Since being included in the World Heritage List,the vegetation restoration and protection of shibing karst has been relatively good,and the quality of the ecological environment has been continuously improved.The proportion of forested land in libo-huanjiang karst increased from 70.15%in 1990 to 87.63%in 2019;the proportion of grassland area decreased from 13.72%in 1990 to 3.16%in 2019;the proportion of construction land decreased from 4.30%in 1990 to 0.31%in 2019;the proportion of changes in shrubland,arable land and waters was relatively small.As an important part of the libo karst and huanjiang karst,maolan and mulun National Nature Reserves have well-preserved karst forests and biodiversity.(2)The value of ecological assets per unit area of shibing karst and libo-huanjiang karst is 290,000 yuan/hm~2 and 310,000 yuan/hm~2respectively.libo-huanjiang karst is higher than shibing karst,and the value of ecological assets of South China Karst is rich.The value of forest resources in shibing karst is 656,455 million yuan,the value of grassland resources and water resources are 286,300 yuan and 103,333yuan respectively,the value of forest resources in libo-huanjiang karst is as high as 23349.32 million yuan,the value of grassland resources and water resources They were 17.55 million yuan and 2.75759 million yuan respectively.From the perspective of the value of natural products,shibing karst’s agricultural products are worth 60.19 million yuan,forest products and aquatic products are 11.34 million yuan and 40,000 yuan,and libo-huanjiang karst’s agricultural products are worth 435.22 million yuan.And the value of aquatic products is 14.62 million yuan and 50,000yuan respectively.The ecological asset structure of shibing karst and libo-huanjiang karst is relatively similar,but the total value of ecological assets per unit area of libo-huanjiang karst is higher than that of shibing karst,which is mainly due to the bigger forest area and higher value of ecological assets of libo-huanjiang karst.shibing karst and libo-huanjiang karst,as important components of South China Karst,are rich in natural resources and natural products.The resources and environment together constitute a complete and good ecosystem.(3)The ecosystem service value per unit area of shibing karst and libo-huanjiang karst are 90,000 yuan/hm~2 and 70,000 yuan/hm~2respectively.Shibing karst is higher than libo-huanjiang karst,and the ecosystem services value of South China Karst is higher and the structure is the same.Among the four types of first-level ecosystem services,the proportions of the ecosystem service value of shibing karst and libo-huanjiang karst,from high to low,are:regulation service>support service>supply service>cultural service,11 second-class In the ecosystem services,the proportions of the ecosystem service value of shibing karst and libo-huanjiang karst from high to low are:climate regulation>hydrological regulation>soil conservation>biodiversity>gas regulation>environment purification>aesthetics Landscape>Raw material production>Water supply>Food production>Maintain nutrient circulation.The ecosystem service structure of the two karst World Heritage Sites is the same,but the value of the ecosystem service per unit area of the shibing karst is higher than that of the libo-huanjiang karst.The reason is that the shibing karst World Heritage Site is less affected by tourism development.The libo-huangjiang karst belongs to the limestone karst,and the shibing karst belongs to the dolomite karst.The difference in ecosystem service value is related to the lithology of the karst.(4)The theoretical standards of ecological compensation for shibing karst and libo karst are 80,000 yuan/hm~2 and 70,000 yuan/hm~2,respectively.The ecological compensation mechanism of South China Karst and the ecological compensation strategy of the Karst Worls Heritage Site under different modes are proposed.There are three main types of ecological compensation subjects:government,social organizations and individuals;the main objects of compensation include local governments and residents,as well as protection and builders of the ecological environment.The main reason is that their own interests are affected by following the principles of the protection and management of World Natural Heritage Sites.Organizations and individuals that damage or contribute to the ecological protection of Karst World Heritage Sites;the standard of ecological compensation is the core of ecological compensation,and it is also the most controversial part.The non-market value of the ecosystem service value is selected as the ecological compensation standard.The theoretical standard quota;the ecological compensation methods determined by the research mainly include policy compensation,capital compensation,and intellectual and technical compensation.The ecological compensation strategies for shibing mode,libo mode and huanjiang mode are proposed from three aspects:the coordination of the relationship between World Heritage Sites and Nature Reserves,the expansion of ecological compensation funds,and the supervision and management of ecological compensation effects.Future research can combine the contingent value method to further investigate and estimate the ecological compensation standards,so as to realize the relative fairness of the ecological compensation standards in Karst World Heritage Sites. |
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