| The South-to-North Water transfer Project is one of the world’s major trans-basin water transfer projects and a major strategic infrastructure project in China.Since the water was suppled in 2014,the issue of water quality and safety has always been the focus of attention.How to protect the precious water resources of project is a major issue facing the state and governments to ensure water safety.Persistent organic pollutants hidden in the environment were often ignored in routine water quality monitoring due to the hysteresis and concealment of their hazards.The location of Henan Province in the project is extremely important.Studying the pollution of typical organic pollutants in the atmosphere and water along the Henan section of the project is of great significance to the protection of water resources and the health of people in the water areas.In this study,the Henan section of the project was selected as the research area,from Nanyang to Anyang,involving 8 provincial cities and 17 specific sampling points.From March 2019 to January 2020,large-flow samplers and self-made passive rainwater samplers were used to collect atmospheric particle phase,gas phase,open channel water and natural precipitation samples in the study area to study the occurrence characteristics,composition characteristics and source analysis of Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in different environmental media in the region and evaluate the ecological risks and residents’health risks of PBDEs The average concentration of∑12PBDEs detected in all the collected atmospheric samples was 699.18 pg/m~3,which was roughly at a medium level in China,and the concentration range was 12.67 pg/m~3 to 3620.47 pg/m~3.The homologue with the highest content was BDE-209,with a contribution rate of 53.8%-94%,an average contribution rate of 81.10%±8.96%,and an average concentration of 606 pg/m~3.As far as this research area was concerned,DBDPE was used as an alternative to BDE-209.This new brominated flame retardant has been widely used and has a certain concentration accumulation in the ambient air.The total content of 12 PBDE monomers in the main canal water of the Henan section of the central line project of South-to-North Water Diversion ranged from 22.64-51.8 pg/L,with an average concentration of 36.91 pg/L.The detected concentration of BDE-209monomer was between 9.25-22.63 pg/L,and the average concentration was 15.97 pg/L.On the whole,the detection of∑12PBDEs in the main canal water of the project was at a very low level in existing studies at home and abroad.Analyzing the composition characteristics of PBDEs,BDE-209 was the main pollutant,followed by BDE-47 and BDE-28.The detected concentration of∑12PBDEs in the collected rainwater samples ranged from30.49-453.07 pg/L,with an average concentration of 188.74 pg/L.It was lower than that in developed cities in the south of China,and similar to the detection results in rural and remote areas.The analysis of its monomer and composition characteristics was similar to the detection results in the canal water.The model was introduced to conduct ecological risk assessment and human respiratory exposure research on the extremely high gas in the Henan section of the project.The results showed that the ecological risk caused by PBDEs is extremely low in the water body in this study area.The exposure of the atmosphere to the population of different age groups in the Henan section was 36.90 pg/kg-bw/day for infants,19.48 pg/kg-bw/day for young children,17.74 pg/kg-bw/day for teenagers,11.04 pg/kg-bw/day for the young 8.67 pg/kg-bw/day for adults.According to the daily human exposure standard of PBDEs was issued by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,the human exposure of PBDEs produced by the ambient air of the Henan section of project is much lower than this standard.However,due to the environmental persistence and bioaccumulation of PBDEs,it requires adequate attention and should be monitored over a long period of time. |
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