| ObjectivesIt is always believed that all activities of higher animals and even human beings are regulated and controlled by the cerebral cortex.If a certain area of the cerebral cortex is damaged,motor paralysis or sensory disorder will appear in the corresponding part of the body.Without the cerebral cortex,the body cannot maintain normal life and survival.In order to further explore the mystery of the brain,understand the relationship between the cerebral cortex and body movement and sensation,and provide experimental basis for forensic clinical and forensic pathological case analysisMethodsWistar rats were used as experimental subjects.After one or both cerebral cortices were damaged by electrocoagulation,different parts of the skin were stimulated with needles to observe the movement and sensory state of the rats.The eyes of the rats were illuminated to observe the reaction of the rats to light.The rats were stimulated with a medical tuning fork to observe their response to sound.The effects of brain injury on exercise and exercise endurance were observed and tested by swimming method.The effects of brain injury on the content of biochemical components in blood of rats were detected by biochemical apparatus.The effects of cerebral cortex injury on neurophysiology of rats were detected by electrophysiological apparatus.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)was used to determine the expression levels of hormones and related proteins in different tissues and organs of rats after brain injury.Results1.After electrocoagulation damage to one or both cerebral cortices,no obvious abnormalities were observed in motor and sensory state of rats stimulated with needles in different parts of the skin,walking,drinking water and predation were normal,and they were sensitive to skin stimulation,light stimulation and tuning fork stimulation.Exhaustive swimming endurance test,The swimming endurance(swimming time before sinking was32.11±5.23 and 30.52±2.27,times of sinking was 11.63±2.17 and 12.27±3.06,the total swimming time was 73.52±5.08 and 71.33±4.28)and compared with the control group(swimming time before sinking was 33.26±2.16,times of sinking was 10.11±2.06,and the total swimming time was 76.22±4.34)had no significant difference.2.Electrophysiological tests showed that the frequency duration of cerebral cortex evoked potential after surgery was 51.61% longer than that before surgery,and the amplitude increased by 16.00%;The frequency duration and amplitude of diaphragm discharge after operation were shortened by 52.20% and 37.50%,respectively.Respiratory movement was43.24% shorter than that before surgery,and the amplitude was 48.27% lower.The frequency duration of phrenic nerve discharge after operation was 18.18% longer than that before operation,and the amplitude increased 20.00%.Respiratory mechanics,frequency duration after surgery was 93.00% longer than that before surgery,amplitude increased by 22.22%;Respiratory motility regulation,frequency duration after operation was 52.00% longer than that before operation,amplitude increased 21.87%;The frequency duration of muscle spindle discharge after operation was 8.51% longer than that before operation,and the amplitude increased by 60.00%.The frequency duration of decompression nerve discharge after operation was 45.74% longer than that before operation,and the amplitude increased by40.00%.Blood pressure,frequency duration after operation was 10.00% longer than that before operation,amplitude increased 25.00%;The frequency duration after operation was6.94% longer than that before operation,and the amplitude increased by 38.46%.The frequency duration and amplitude of electrical activity of digestive tract smooth muscle after operation were 26.53% longer and 40.00% higher than that before operation.The frequency duration after operation was 55.83% longer than that before operation,and the amplitude increased by 74.76%.Electrocardiogram,the frequency duration after operation was 20.00%longer than that before operation,and the amplitude increased by 73.33%.The frequency duration of atrial and ventricular impulse conduction after surgery was 4.17% longer than that before surgery,and the amplitude increased 6.67%.The frequency duration after operation was 23.91% longer than that before operation,and the amplitude increased by 3.33%.3.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay,enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)showed that after brain injury,the levels of c AMP in thalamus,cerebellum,ventral tegmental area,hippocampus,striatum,and abductor nucleus were 26.25%,20.79%,14.13%,12.75%,44.33%,29.36% higher than those in the control group.The level of c GMP in c GMP was25.71%,11.02%,15.55%,23.70%,12.45%,19.86% lower than that in control group.Adrenaline(A)levels were 38.42%,41.41%,43.10%,28.96%,29.34%,41.87% higher than those in the control group;The levels of norepinephrine(NA)increased by 40.89%,36.01%,46.60%,45.31%,38.34%,58.02% compared with the control group.The levels of dopamine(DA)decreased by 29.03%,14.52%,29.48%,25.30%,20.12%,19.89% compared with the control group.Androgen(T)levels were 44.07%,24.49%,22.03%,39.23%,36.21%,34.52%higher than those in the control group;The levels of heat shock protein-70(HSP-70)were increased by 39.35%,15.79%,34.29%,42.67%,44.92%,27.79%,and the levels of HSP-70 in liver,kidney and testis were decreased by 23.81%,6.82%,41.18%,compared with the control group.The levels of anti-apoptotic protein(Bcl-2)in the thalamus,cerebellum,ventral tegmental area of midbrain,hippocampus,striatum,and abductor nucleus in rats were 19.05%,16.75%,24.09%,26.19%,26.21%,18.88% higher than those in control group.The levels of early stress protein(c-fos)were 21.59%,20.07%,28.49%,24.74%,25.63%,10.07% higher than those in the control group.The levels of c-fos in liver,kidney and testis were 26.51%,26.81% and 37.26% higher than those in the control group.The levels of phosphoinositol 3kinase(PI3K)in the thalamus,cerebellum,ventral tegmental area,hippocampus,striatum and septal nucleus of injured rats were 43.65%,31.09%,26.97%,58.28%,29.69%,29.13% higher than those in the control group.Protein kinase B(PKB/Akt)levels were 44.83%,36.96%,46.29%,51.63%,43.86%,33.33% higher than those in the control group.Compared with the control group,P53 level increased by 38.67%,37.88%,35.58%,24.42%,33.55%,26.03%;P21 levels were 11.80%,11.88%,30.69%,21.63%,16.55%,19.07% lower than those in the control group;E3 ubiquitin protein ligase(MDM2)levels were 35.90%,31.83%,28.88%,18.47%,28.78%,26.82% lower than those in the control group;The levels of norepinephrine receptor(NAT)decreased by 21.61%,35.45%,14.95%,28.14%,22.53%,25.15% compared with the control group.The levels of tyrosine kinase B(Trk B)were 35.89%,44.83%,59.85%,57.75%,52.98%,48.91% higher than those in the control group.The levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)were 45.39%,35.43%,32.05%,31.45%,35.01%,25.71% higher than those in the control group.Caspase-9 levels were 27.39%,19.26%,21.09%,22.61%,21.11%,16.89% lower than those in the control group.The levels of Bax in liver,kidney and testis of injured rats were 40.76%,42.32% and 42.47% higher than those in control group.4.Biochemical analysis showed that the blood glucose level,triglyceride level,amylase level,globulin level,albumin level and total bilirubin level were increased by 59.92%,70.96%,10.78%,78.16%,43.98% and 48.09%,respectively,compared with the control group after damage to the bilateral cerebral cortex of rats.The level of creatine kinase decreased by57.66%,creatinine increased by 43.01% and urea increased by 24.83% compared with the control group.Conclusion1.Damage of one or both cerebral cortices in rats resulted in normal pain sensation,hearing and vision,normal walking,predation and drinking water,and no significant difference in swimming movement and exercise endurance between the rats and the control group.2.Damage of cortices on one side or both sides of the rat brain resulted in prolonged or shortened duration of electrophysiological frequency and increased or decreased amplitude.The changes of neuroelectrophysiology suggest that the cerebral cortex connects and coordinates the activities of the body through subcutaneous tissue.3.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed that after brain injury,the expression levels of hormones,cyclic nucleotide acid and related proteins in brain tissue,liver,kidney and testis were significantly changed.The up-regulated expression of PKB/Akt,P53,PI3 K and Bcl-2 and down-regulated expression of P21,Caspase-9 and MDM2 opened the intracellular signal transduction system and accelerated the cell division and proliferation of brain tissue,which was conducive to the healing of injured tissue.HSP-70 binds to intracellular denatured proteins,helps denatured proteins recover or transport them to lysosomal degradation,inhibits the production and release of cytokines by monocytes and macrophages,and plays a role in reducing the adverse effects of endotoxin in the process of infection or other pathological stress.BDNF plays a critical role in recovery after central nervous system injury.The levels of Bax in liver,kidney and testis of rats were up-regulated,which affected the normal physiological functions of liver,kidney and testis and caused tissue damage.4.Elevated blood glucose and amylase levels and decreased triglyceride levels in the blood make the body stress response for healing and recovery of injury;The levels of serum protein,total bilirubin and creatine kinase decreased,while the levels of creatinine and urea increased,which predicted the damage of liver and kidney function.These experimental results indicate that the rat cerebral cortex is not the only superlative nerve center that controls body movement and somatosensory.The function of cerebral cortex may regulate the physiological activities of various tissues and organs through subcutaneous central connections. |
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