| Objective:Investigated the cultivation resources,cultivated varieties,cultivation techniques,traditional production area processing techniques and quality of Gastrodia elata in Jinzhai,one of Anhui’s“Top Ten Anhui Medicines”.Research the steaming and drying technology of fresh Gastrodia elata.Study the agronomic traits,medicinal properties,microscopic characteristics,and contents of 6 effective components(gastrodin,4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,parishin,parishin B,parishin C,parishin E)among Wuhong Gastrodia elata and G.elata Bl.f.elata in Jinzhai.Compared the HPLC characteristic fingerprints of Gastrodia elata,evaluate the quality and establish the quality standard for Gastrodia elata in Jinzhai.Methods:According to the informations provided by the Xishan Medicine Bank of Jinzhai and the agricultural machinery stations of various townships,investigations on cultivation demonstration bases,factory processing enterprises,cultivating farmers of Gastrodia elata,collecting Gastrodia elata or excavating fresh Gastrodia elata products on site.Investigated the resources,cultivated varieties,cultivation technology,traditional production area processing technology and quality of Gastrodia elata in Jinzhai.Research the room temperature(10～25℃)and refrigeration(2～8℃)storage and time of Gastrodia elata after harvest,the normal pressure steaming time and the electric drying time of different grades of Gastrodia elata which was studied through orthogonal test.Compared the medicinal properties,microscopic characteristics of Wuhong Gastrodia elata and local G.elata Bl.f.elata.Determined the contents of 6effective components and characteristic fingerprints of Wuhong Gastrodia elata and local G.elata Bl.f.elata.Results:(1)Investigation of cultivation resources and quality of Gastrodia elata:Through investigation,we found that cultivated Gastrodia elata was mainly distributed in the west and south of Jinzhai and involving 14 townships.Jinzhai belongs to the north subtropical warm and humid monsoon climate zone,and the altitude of Gastrodia elata planted was at 200～1000 m.The planting mode was generally under-forest and intensive planting.As of October 2020,the planting area of Gastrodia elata in Jinzhai,Anhui has reached 364.9 hm~2.There were 48 planting enterprises,cooperatives or family farms and the planting varieties were Wuhong hybrid Gastrodia elata(abbreviation:Wuhong Gastrodia elata)and local G.elata Bl.f.elata(abbreviation:G.elata Bl.f.elata).The production and processing still use methods which were boiled or sulfur boiled,steamed or sulfur fumigated,drying room drying or sun exposure,etc.The total contents of gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,the sulfur dioxide contents which partially incompatible with the requests of the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.(2)Production area processing technology of Gastrodia elata:Fresh Gastrodia elata was divided into 5 grades,special grade(>250 g/piece,length 15～17cm,diameter 5～6 cm),first grade(200～250 g/piece,length 15～16 cm),diameter4.5～5.5 cm),second grade(150～200 g/piece,length 13～15 cm,diameter 4～5 cm),third grade(100～150 g/piece,length 11～13 cm),The diameter is 3～4.5 cm),fourth grade(<100 g/piece,length 9～11 cm,diameter 2.5～3.5 cm).The results showed that Gastrodia elata should be steamed within 24 h after harvested.Best steaming time of special and first grade Gastrodia elata was 45 min.In addition,the second,third and fourth grade Gastrodia elata was 30 min,20 min and 15 min,respectively.The optimal condition showed that the drying technology for special or first grade Gastrodia elata of temperature was at 80℃,kept for 30 h,then left it for 24 h,repetitive process,the accumulative drying time was 90 h that placed twice during the period.Moreover,the second,third and fourth grade Gastrodia elata was 85 h,85 h and 80 h.respectively.(3)Agronomic characters of Gastrodia elata:The fresh weight,the total length,length of the tuber,the width of the tuber,the length of the parrot’s mouth,the diameter of the belly button,the width of 1 cm from the beak of the budgerigar,the width of 1 cm from the belly button,the number of rings,the average distance between the rings of Wuhong Gastrodia elata were respcetively 159.60 g,124.47 mm,107.97 mm,47.65 mm,19.67mm,10.70 mm,36.49 mm,29.73 mm,15,9.40 mm.These agronomic characters of G.elata Bl.f.elata were respcetively 156.16 g,159.10 mm,147.44 mm,40.22 mm,19.91mm,11.42 mm,27.34 mm,30.39 mm,19,8.86 mm.The fresh weight,the length of the parrot’s mouth,and the width of 1 cm from the belly button have no difference in the agronomic traits of Wuhong Gastrodia elata and G.elata Bl.f.elata(P>0.05).There are some differences in other traits,the diameter of the belly button and the average distance between the rings are significantly different in Wuhong Gastrodia elata and G.elata Bl.f.elata(P<0.05).But The total length,length of the tuber,the width of the tuber,the width of 1 cm from the beak of the budgerigar,and the number of rings are very significant(P<0.01).(4)Medicinal properties,microscopic characteristics of Gastrodia elata:Excavate fresh Gastrodia elata,then process them according to the optimized steaming and drying process.Wuhong Gastrodia elata was long oval with yellow-white cross section,but G.elata Bl.f.elata was long strip with light.The average of quality,the length,middle width,the length of the parrot’s mouth,the diameter of the belly button,the width of 1 cm from the beak of the budgerigar,the width of 1 cm from the belly button,the number of rings,the average distance between the rings of Wuhong Gastrodia elata were respcetively 43.47 g,97.26 g,30.80 mm,15.44 mm,7.05 mm,24.62 mm,24.85 mm,15,7.41 mm.These microscopic characters of G.elata Bl.f.elata were respcetively 31.78 g,114.98 mm,22.47 mm,16.09 mm,9.69 mm,16.74 mm,21.48 mm,19,7.79 mm.There were significant differences in the quality,the length,middle width,the diameter of the belly button,the width of 1 cm from the beak of the budgerigar between Wuhong Gastrodia elata and G.elata Bl.f.elata(P<0.01).The the width of 1 cm from the belly button of Wuhong Gastrodia elata and G.elata Bl.f.elata(P<0.05).the length of the parrot’s mouth,the average distance between the rings have no difference(P>0.05).The diameter of needle crystal bundle,the length of needle crystal bundle,the short side diameter of polysaccharide particles and the long side diameter of polysaccharide particles,diameter of vessels of Wuhong Gastrodia elata were respcetively 29.877μm,40.778μm,28.539μm,55.986μm,30.238μm.These microscopic characters of G.elata Bl.f.elata were respcetively33.278μm,46.908μm,31.366μm,52.775μm,25.572μm.There are significant differences in the diameter of needle crystal bundle,in the length of needle crystal bundle and catheter diameter between Wuhong hybrid Gastrodia elata and local G.elata Bl.f.elata in Jinzhai(P<0.05).The short side diameter of polysaccharide particles and the long side diameter of polysaccharide particles are not significantly different(P>0.05).(5)The contents and fingerprint of Gastrodia elata:Excavate fresh Gastrodia elata,then process them according to the optimized steaming and drying process.The contents of gastrodin,4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,parishin,parishin B,parishin C,parishin E of Wuhong Gastrodia elata were respcetively 0.572%,0.035%,0.462%,0.429%,0.161%,0.676%,and the total contents of gastrodin and4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol was not less than 0.607%.The contents of gastrodin,4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,parishin,parishin B,parishin C,parishin E of G.elata Bl.f.elata were respcetively 0.751%,0.038%,0.455%,0.542%,0.225%,1.034%,and the total contents of gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol was not less than 0.789%.In addition,sulfur dioxide content was 0.13 common peaks were calibrated from the fingerprint of Wuhong Gastrodia elata(R-WH)and G.elata Bl.f.elata(R-H).Among them,peak 7 was gastrodin,peak 10 was 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,peak 12 was parishin E,peak 14 was parishin B,peak 16 was parishin C,peak 17 was parishin.The total contents of gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol,the fingerprint,limited of sulfur dioxide all compatible with the request of the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Conclusion:The climate and altitude of Jinzhai are suitable for the growth and cultivation of Gastrodia elata.Excavate fresh Gastrodia elata and G.elata Bl.f.elata,then process them according to the optimized steaming and drying process.The two types of Gastrodia elata were all compatible with the quality standards of the 2020edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The subject was to formulate the technology regulations of cultivation,standardize the steaming and drying process of Jinzhai Gastrodia elata.Simultaneously provide a basis of quality standards for Gastrodia elata in Jinzhai. |
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