The Cerebro-cerebellar Functional Connectivity In ADHD And ASD

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social disorders,communication disorders,interest restrictions,and repetitive behaviors.Inattention/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is manifested as lack of attention,hyperactivity,and impulsivity that are not matched to age.Two diseases are very common in the population.Studies have shown that autism spectrum disorders account for 1.5%of the total population,while ADHD affects about 10% of school-age children worldwide.ASD and ADHD have difficulties in daily life,and they often accompany each other.A variety of diseases,such as psychological disorders,behavioral disorders,depression and anxiety disorders,especially in adolescence or later,and usually continue into adulthood.Therefore,early diagnosis and treatment are particularly important to prevent the development of secondary mental problems.ADHD and ASD have many similarities in clinical manifestations.Therefore,it is very important to study the neural basis of these two diseases,which will help better early identification and diagnosis.Most of the previous studies focused on a single neurodevelopmental disorder..Therefore,this article examines the differences in connection patterns between ADHD and ASD patients from the perspective of brain-cerebellar connections.In order to study the difference in the resting state functional connection between ADHD and ASD,we selected the resting state functional magnetic resonance data of 110 ADHD patients,60 ASD patients and 141 healthy subjects.The YEO-7 network template and the Buckner cerebellar partition template were selected as regions of interest,and the functional connection pattern between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex was investigated.According to the results of the analysis of variance,we found that the ADHD and HC groups mainly have significant differences in the right temporal mid-polar region.,There are significant differences in the right middle pole,right fusiform gyrus,and left straight gyrus between the ASD group and the HC group.However,we found that the main areas of difference between the ADHD group and the ASD group are the left middle frontal gyrus,right fusiform gyrus and left Go straight back to the area.In the ASD group,we found that there is a significant correlation between the strength of the functional connection between the cerebellum and the right fusiform gyrus and clinical indicators,which indicates that the abnormal functional connection between the cerebellum and the right fusiform gyrus may be unique to other nerves in ASD Clinical biomarkers for dysplastic diseases.In order to further study the pattern of the cerebral cerebellum between the two neurodevelopmental abnormalities at the voxel level,the cerebellum was used as a region of interest,and the Granger directed connection between the cerebral cerebellum was studied.Compared with the healthy control group,the ASD group and the ADHD group showed different Granger directed connection patterns.Although SFC can reveal the changes in connection patterns during the integration and exchange of information between the brain,it cannot reflect the dynamic characteristics of the brain’s internal neural activities.Therefore,we finally examined the variability of the functional connection between the brain and the cerebellum in ADHD and ASD from the perspective of dynamic functional connection.The results of the difference in dynamic functional connection indicate that the differential connection between the cerebellum and the brain of ADHD and ASD is mainly concentrated in the visual information processing parts such as the occipital lobe and the cuneiform lobe.To sum up,this study investigated the abnormal functional connection between the brain and the cerebellum of ADHD and ASD from the perspective of static connection and dynamic connection.