The Characteristics Of Chinese And Indian Medicinal Materials And Comparative Study On Their Properties And Therapeutic Uses

China and India have unique traditional medicine systems with vast territory and rich medical resources.Traditional medicines in China include traditional Chinese medicine,Tibetan medicine,Mongolian medicine,Uyghur medicine,Dai medicine,etc.After the third national survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources,there are12694 kinds of medicinal materials in China.Traditional medicines in India include Ayurveda,Unani,Siddha,Homoeopathy,etc.There are 7263 kinds of medicinal materials in India.In order to fill the gap in the research field of Indian medicinal materials in China and promote the mutual learning and complementary advantages of traditional medicine between China and India,this paper takes Chinese and Indian medicinal materials as the research objects,and conducts characteristic analysis and comparative research on properties,tastes,medicinal parts and therapeutic uses of medicinal materials.Objectives:1.Fill the gap in the research field of literature data of Indian medicinal materials in China,and promote the exchange of traditional medicine between China and India and the international trade of traditional medicine industry.2.Reveal the similarities and differences between Chinese and Indian medicinal materials in terms of properties,tastes,medicinal parts and therapeutic uses,so as to provide reference for China to find alternative medicinal resources,introduce new resources and develop and utilize related resources.Methods:1.The information of Chinese and Indian medicinal materials was extracted and mined from the Zhongguo Zhongyao Ziyuan Zhiyao and Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China and 71 medicinal materials books(including Indian Pharmacopoeia and The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India)of India.The database was established to study the characteristics of medicinal materials,such as types,families,genera,properties,tastes,distribution,medicinal parts,efficacy,therapeutic uses,usage and dosage.Classification and statistics standards: habitat refers to the classification and statistics of habitat by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.The medicinal parts were classified and counted according to the classification standard of medicinal parts in the textbook of Zhongyao Jianding Xue.The efficacy was classified and counted according to the classification of efficacy of medicinal materials in the textbook of Linchuang Zhongyao Xue.The pharmacological effects were classified and counted according to the classification of pharmacological effects of medicinal materials in the textbook of Yao Li Xue.The therapeutic uses were classified according to the "GB/T 14396-2016 disease classification and code".2.Nonparametric test method of SPSS 26.0 software,Excel data visualization and Venn diagram were used to study and compare the characteristics of Chinese and Indian medicinal materials in terms of properties,tastes,medicinal parts and therapeutic uses.Use the same Latin name as the basis for judging the same kind of medicinal materials,find out the shared-use medicinal materials between China and India,and then excavate the common varieties in the five pharmacopoeias of India(IP,API,UPI,SPI,UPI)and the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China.Results:1.Characteristics of Chinese medicinal materials: A total of 12694 Chinese medicinal materials were included,including 11020 botanical medicinal materials,1590 animal medicinal materials and 84 mineral medicinal materials,which were distributed in 797 families and 3192 genera.The common families were Asteraceae,Fabaceae and Lamiaceae,and the common genera were Aconitum,Corydalis and Clematis.In addition to traditional Chinese medicine,it also includes Tibetan medicine and Mongolian medicine.The main habitat of medicinal plants is forest,and the main habitat of medicinal animals is wetland.Southwest China is particularly rich in medicinal materials.There are 1130 kinds of medicinal materials have been cultivated or introduced in China,of which there are more medicinal materials originating in South America and Asia,and 17 species from India.Most medicinal materials are harvested in autumn,and there are 50 medicinal materials that can be harvested all year round.The commonly used medicinal parts of botanical medicinal materials are the whole plants,roots and rhizomes,leaves,fruits and seeds,etc.The commonly used medicinal parts of animal medicinal materials are a part of the animal body,the dried whole body of animals,physiological products,etc.Most of them are mild drugs and bitter drugs,and most of them enter the liver meridian.The medicinal materials with the functions of clearing heat,attacking poison,killing insects,and removing dampness,promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis accounted for the most.Commonly used in the treatment of disease categories are "injury,poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes",diseases of the digestive system,"symptoms,signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings,not elsewhere classified",diseases of the genitourinary system,and diseases of the respiratory system.According to the records of dosage forms,the application,decoction,powder and pill account for more,and almost all of which take gram as the unit of medicinal dosage.770 medicinal materials were recorded to be toxic.2.Characteristics of Indian medicinal materials: A total of 5362 Indian medicinal materials were included,including 4962 botanical medicinal materials,230 animal medicinal materials,129 mineral medicinal materials,and other 41 medicinal materials.They were distributed in 396 families and 1921 genera.The common families were Fabaceae,Asteraceae and Lamiaceae,and the common genera were Solanum,Euphorbia and Batatas.There are Ayurveda,Homoeopathy,Siddha and Unani medicine systems.Most of medicinal materials are distributed in artificial habitats;they are distributed all over the world,especially in Asia,North America and Europe;and there are 1115 medicinal materials distributed all over India.Most of the medicinal materials are harvested in cool season,and there are 70 medicinal materials that can be harvested all year round.The commonly used medicinal parts are fruits and seeds,roots and rhizomes,leaves,whole plants,cortex,etc.Most of them are hot drugs and bitter drugs.The tastes that emerge after digestion are pungent,sweet and sour.The medicinal materials with digestive system,antipyretic,analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-gout,diuretic and dehydration pharmacological effects accounted for the largest proportion.Commonly used in the treatment of disease categories are diseases of the digestive system,"symptoms,signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings,not elsewhere classified",diseases of the genitourinary system,certain infectious and parasitic diseases,and diseases of the respiratory system.According to the records of dosage forms,the tinctures,powders,decoction and abrasives account for more.The dosage units involved include gram,milliliter,drop,granule,teaspoon and pound,and gram is the main dosage unit.119 medicinal materials were recorded to be toxic.3.Similarities and differences between Chinese and Indian medicinal materials(1)Shared-use medicinal materials and medicinal materials in pharmacopoeia: there are 1048 shared-use medicinal materials,including 1024 botanical medicinal materials,such as Cannabis sativa L.,Crocus sativus L.,Croton tiglium L.,Curcuma longa L.,and Phyllanthus emblica L.,18 animal medicinal materials,such as Bombyx mori Linnaeus,Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin,and Elephas maximus Linnaeus,and 6mineral medicinal materials,such as Borax,Cinnabaris,and Hydrargyrum.They were distributed in 188 families and 685 genera.The common families are Asteraceae and Fabaceae,and the common genera are Solanum,Artemisia and Euphorbia.The pharmacopoeia of China and India contain 80 common varieties,including 77 botanical medicinal materials,2 animal medicinal materials and 1 mineral medicinal material.(2)Overall comparison of Chinese and Indian medicinal materials: Chinese and Indian medicinal materials are not similar in types,altitude,properties,tastes,medicinal parts and therapeutic uses.However,plants are the main sources of medicine,and India uses less animal medicine than China;most of them are from1000-2000 meters;the proportion of cold drugs is similar,but India has more hot drugs;the proportion of bitter and sour drugs is similar,but India has more astringent drugs;the common medicinal parts in China are whole plants,roots and rhizomes,and India uses more renewable fruits,seeds and leaves;they are commonly used in the treatment of digestive system diseases.(3)Comparison of shared-use medicinal materials between China and India: The overall comparison shows that the properties,tastes and therapeutic uses of shared-use medicinal materials are not similar,but the medicinal parts are similar;the proportion of cold drugs is similar,but India has more hot drugs;the proportion of bitter drugs is similar,but India has more astringent and pungent drugs;the common medicinal parts in China are whole plants,roots and rhizomes,and India uses more fruits,seeds and leaves;they are commonly used in the treatment of digestive system diseases.Micro one by one comparison showed that the medicinal parts,properties and therapeutic uses of the medicinal materials were not similar in general,but the taste of the medicinal materials was similar in general.Conclusions:There are some differences in the characteristics of medicinal materials between China and India,which can provide reference for China to increase medicinal parts and therapeutic uses,expand the source of medicines,and introduce new resources;however,there are some similarities and shared-use medicinal materials,which can tap the potential of bilateral trade of medicinal materials between China and India,so as to promote the medical cultural exchange and economic and trade cooperation between China and India.