| Hermann Hesse,a German writer,is an outstanding writer in the 20th century.He plays an important role in the history of the world literature.His novel creation is based on the specific regional cultural background,that is,the small town of Calw in the Black Forest Region of Wurttemberg,Germany.According to his own path,he connects the scenery and human relations of many countries in the world,and constructs a unique space where the North and the South are integrated and the East and the West are connected.Taking the space in his novels as the object of criticism,this dissertation adopts the method of Spatial Criticism and other methods of criticism,and deeply explores the rich diversity of characters and spiritual temperament in these spatial constructions,which helps to grasp the specific forms of space in the expression of characters’ spiritual temperament and writers’ spiritual thoughts,as well as the writer’s aesthetic ideal and Philosophieren conveyed by the relationship between different Spaces.This paper includes the following parts:The introduction puts forward the core problems,research objectives and research significance of this paper,and summarizes the shortcomings of the spatial research of his novels by systematically sorting out the research status of Hesse at home and abroad.On this basis,this paper expounds the research ideas,features and innovations as well as the necessary research methods,and defines the relevant concepts involved in the thesis.The first chapter,with Hesse ’s early novels as the center,explores the various elements and cultural connotation of the hometown town represented by home space.In all Hesse’s novels,"home" is the earliest displayed,the most frequently appeared and the most diverse space,including the house on the ground,the pavilion in the air and the tavern which is closely related to the house.Those different forms of space are respectively associated with repression and death,yearning and rebirth,and mysterious psychology.The pluralistic composition of home space reflects the writer’s thoughts on life and death when he travels back and forth between hometown and distant place."Home" is closely connected with hometown,bearing Hesse’s attachment to homeland and country,as well as different emotional appeals for "returning home"and "losing home".The second chapter mainly explores the landscape space in Hesse’s early and middle novels.The landscape space that appears immediately after the home space includes the southern space and the northern space,all of which presents the game state.In these novels,especially in the early and middle novels,the southern and the northern space has abandoned the specific geographical boundary,which turns to be vague but concrete space.The two types of space are different in the vertical and horizontal directions:the southern space is mainly represented by mountains and oceans,which shows the residents’ perseverance;the northern space is represented by plains and lakes,which are related to people’s mediocrity and the impulse to escape.These two types of spaces are opposed to each other,which does not only show a multi-dimensional picture of the scenery of Central Europe,but also reflects the different spiritual pursuit of people and the ideal of writer.The third chapter starts with the religious space in Hesse’s novels and explores the religious space in different cultural systems in the East and the West.The description of religious space reflects the writer’s tendency of "turning inward" in writing,that is,the transition from external concrete home and natural landscape to spiritual exploration.These two types of space have different forms and contain different cultural connotations,presenting a confrontation state.The "West" is mainly an expansive space dominated by monasteries and towers.The different expansion forms inside and outside the monasteries represent the stretching of religious space on the horizontal dimension.The"East" is circular space with villas and forests as the main representation.Different villas and forests have different spiritual connotations.These two types of spaces do not only refer to the concrete objects of different eastern and western religious landscapes,but also bear the religious ideals and ethical appeals of the writers,namely the exploration of the other shore and the pursuit of self.The fourth chapter focuses on Hesse’s later novels,a grand synthesis of his previous works,and explores the artistic space created in these novels and their unique ways of presenting time and space,as well as the writers’ aesthetic thoughts.The "Magic Theatre"in Der Steppenwolf related to the celebrities and mediocrities of different ages and regions in Europe interweaves the past and the present;it eventually ends up disillusioned with Haller’s death.The "Castari"of Das Glasperlenspiel is ubiquitous but nowhere to be found.It overlaps the writer’s ideals of the present and the future.These ideals collapse with the sacrificial death of Knecht.These two types of space are filled with past,present and future time,but the timeline is chaotic and the space is not concrete but can be pursued.It is this kind of fuzzy and chaotic time and space that bears the eternal ideal of transcending time and region,and forms Hesse’s unique "Fuzzy time-space view" and "Chaos" aesthetics.The conclusion focuses on the meaning of the space constructed by the writer.Hesse takes the hometown of Calw as the starting point and center to construct a "vortex spatial" form connecting the East and West,integrating natural scenery and human customs.The writer’s writing space is to pay attention to the living state of human beings in the space,so as to complete his double identity construction as "son of nature" and"astronomer".In Hesse’s novels,the North and the South,the East and the West,form a unique "cross";the same is the art and reality.This "double cross" spatial configuration mode forms the dialogue between the different space,so as to complete the construction of the world map,bear the writer’s ideal of the integration of the world and the harmonious coexistence of reality and spirit.In the end,what he wants to achieve is to keep watch on "humanitarianism",the ultimate ideal and appeal of human beings that transcends time and space.However,this humanitarian ideal has some minor limitations,that is,to a certain extent,it shows the characteristics of New Orientalism which are represented by western subject,German center,and home destination. |
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