Study On The Origin Of Uyghur And Dungan In Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is an important neighboring country in Western China,with a border line of more than 1,700 kilometers.During the historical period,China and Kazakhstan have formed close ties at the political,economic and cultural.In recent years,with the continuous promotion of the exchanges between China and Kazakhstan,the research on Kazakhstan has been deepened in Chinese academic circles,including political,economic,legal,ethnic and religious aspects.At present,the research on Kazakh ethnic group is mostly concentrated on Kazak,while other cross-border ethnic groups between China and Kazakhstan,such as Uyghur and Dungan ethnic groups,mostly focus on the Central Asia region,rarely on the basis of countries.There are a large number of Uyghurs and Dungans living in Kazakhstan,with a total population of more than 300,000.Since the 1850 s,Uyghurs in Xinjiang began to migrate to different places under the influence of the rebellion of the Hezhuo family.At that time,Samusak,the son of big Hezhuo,was young and was taken to flee into the Khanate of Kokand.As a result,Central Asia began to form a group of forces of Hezhuo descendants,which gradually developed and expanded,and the Khanate of Kokand also became a refuge for Hezhuo descendants.By the end of 1870 s,a large number of Xinjiang Uyghurs,under the leadership of Hezhuo’s descendants such as Zhang Geer,Yusuf,Wali khan fled across the border to Central Asia Fergana area.Among these migrants,there were the participants of Hezhuo rebellion and the Uyghurs under threat.When Hezhuo’s descendants were defeated and fled,they preferred Fergana area.The main reason is that Hezhuo’s family originated in Fergana area of Central Asia where his supporters lived.During this period,the vast area to the East and south of Balkhash Lake was under the jurisdiction of the Qing government,and there were few records about the migration of people in this area in Chinese historical records.In addition,compared with Kazakh grassland,Kashgar is closer to Fergana in terms of field distance.After the 1850 s,the Qing government promulgated the system of land reclamation in Xinjiang,and a large number of Uyghur and Dungan people were moved to Yili and its surrounding areas to engage in land reclamation.After the 1860 s,a large number of Uyghurand Dungan people between the east and south of the Balkhash Lake were under the control of Qihe provinces of Russia according to the agreement of “people belong to their residence”.After the signing of the Sino-Russian Yili Treaty in 1881,a group of Uyghur and Dungan people in Xinjiang moved into the Qihe region under the force of the Tsarist Russian Colonial Authorities.During this period,the number of Uyghur people forced to move was 45,373,and the number of Dungan people was more than 4,900.In the following years,due to the cruel exploitation and cruelty of the Tsarist Russian Colonial Authorities,some Uyghurs and Dungans who moved to Qihe region fled back to their original places.In the 20 th century,in order to increase the economic exploitation in Central Asia,Tsarist Russian Colonial Authorities began to cultivate opium poppy widely in Vilnius,Jalkent and other places.After the Russian Revolution in 1917,Uyghurs and Dungans people who had entered Qihe area to cultivate opium poppy fled back to Xinjiang.Therefore,it is difficult to figure out the specific population of Uyghur and Dungan who migrated to Kazakhstan in this period.According to the census data,the population growth of Uyghur and Dungan ethnic groups in Kazakhstan was more than 10,000 from the end of the 19 th century to the mid of1920 s.In the middle of 1950s-1960 s,influenced by the “repatriation of overseas Soviet” and the “Itar incident”(the counter-revolutionary riots in Yili and Tarbagatay Prefecture),a large number of Uyghurs and Dungans in Yili,Xinjiang moved to Kazakhstan.From the middle of 18 th century to the middle of 1960 s,a large number of Uyghurs and Dungans across China moved to Kazakhstan across the border.Taking the 1980 s as the demarcation point,the population migration activities in the first half of the period were mainly affected by the factors of war,while the factors affecting the migration activities in the second half of the period mainly originated from the political level.In terms of spatial scope,the migration activities of Uyghurs and Dungans mostly show the characteristics of migration to neighboring areas,that is,the population moved from Kashgar to the nearest Kyrgyzstan and Fergana area,and the population lived in Yili who migrated outside the region moved to the neighboring Almaty region of Kazakhstan.Uyghurs and Dungans have formed unique languages,cultures and customs during the historical period,after moving into Kazakhstan,the ethnic and religious management issued by the regime in different periods The policy has had a profound impact on the ethnic development process of the Uyghur and Dungan.