Research On The Historical Changes Of The Pingfa Chieftain In Central Guizhou

The Pingfa chieftain,composed of Pingfa,large Pingfa and small Pingfa,and large Pingfa xipai Tushe,has been active in central Guizhou since the Yuan Dynasty.This area has a special geographical location,not only close to the political center of Guizhou Province,but also a crucial node of post road traffic.Under the influence of special geographical location and historical development process,this area has formed a rich level of social development and social and cultural features.On the one hand,the Ping fa chieftain interacts with the country and the big chieftain power,on the other hand,it directly manages and affects the ethnic minority groups at the bottom.It is a particular representative of small and medium-sized indigenous mechanism in central Guizhou.The Yuan and Ming dynasties were essential historical periods in which the rise of the Pingfa chieftains and the development and changes of the Pingfa local society.With the direct intervention of the central dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty,the Xidong area and the dynasty countries began to interact directly.On the one hand,Pingfa was included in the direct management of the dynasty countries,basically deviating from the pre-Yuan " Beyond civilization " state;secondly,the management rights and dominance of the " Xidong officials" and " indigenous chiefs" at the bottom were officially recognized,and Pingfa A number of ethnic leaders in Xidong,such as the Ting,began to become local officials and were used in ruling institutions at all levels.The early adoption of the law of solicitation and the establishment of barbarian officials allowed the Yuan Dynasty to control the place at a lower cost.However,this process is also mutual.Indigenous and surname forces in central Guizhou also used this period of system and environment to realize their own rise,and finally formed a trend that cannot be stopped.As an important help for the imperial administration,the Pingfa chieftain was caught in the gap between the central dynasty government official and the big chieftain because it restrained the development of the big chieftain,and the survival continued to be more difficult.The institutional arrangements of the early Ming Dynasty,through continuous development,became an excuse for the big chieftain forces to threaten the imperial administration,which brought many restrictions to the local government.In the established pattern of the Yiyizhiyi policy,small and medium-sized chieftain are the object of domination,or the two sides strive for it,or the two sides ignore it,and can only walk between such power patterns.After the direct intervention of official forces,small and medium-sized chieftain such as Ping Fa can only recruit natives in more remote places and expand their own living space.Such development was forced,but also got acquiescence of the imperial administration.The Pingfa chieftain family underwent a more successful political and cultural transformation in the Qing Dynasty.Not only did the chieftain inheritance continue,but the family development also went to a new level.During this interval,the transformation of the chieftain family has a lot relevant to the continuous progress of the national local governance system.With the large-scale reform of the land,the status and status of the chieftain have gradually decline.Development heritage began to decline.This requires that the chieftain family must change the development mode and turn the historical heritage inherited for hundreds of years into advantages.The Pingfa chieftain has formed the image of a gentry by actively participating in the construction and management of local public welfare,and has become a more influential cultural family in the locality through studying,studying,and marriage.Not only actively develop the Han cultural level to meet the needs of the country’s local governance,but also continue to seek cooperation with ethnic minority groups under its jurisdiction to consolidate its position.The efforts of the chieftain transformation and their own advantages to participate in local social governance have achieved good results,and have been practically tested by the wars during the years of Xianfeng and Tongzhi.In terms of the source and clan of the chieftain,there is a certain difference between the construction of the chieftain family and the official interpretation.The imperial administration and local governments are more inclined to shape the chieftain ancestors into the early surname of Han immigrants who moved to Guizhou in the early days.Like the ancestors,the chieftain’s ethnic identity experienced a dynamic process of change in different periods.The Ping Fa Tings changed from the Miaoman leaders of the Yuan Dynasty to the Hans who came from the conquests in the Tang Dynasty and were officially recognized.The groups have high Han culture level.In addition,the identity of the chieftain is continuously intertwined between the family and the ethnic group.Facts have proved that constantly improving the Han cultural level,shaping the Han to actively adapt to the needs of the country,and breaking away from the "Miaoman" identity are more advantageous to facilitate the evolution of the entire family.For the ethnic minority groups at the bottom,the management of the chieftain t has on the one hand influenced the outside world’s understanding of these groups,resulting in misunderstandings and changes in the names of ethnic groups.At the same time,Chieftain has also become a benchmark for the identity of local ethnic groups.Although the ethnic groups in chieftain district retain their respective languages and some customs,"learning Chinese and Han cultureculture" have gradually become the mainstream of the development of various groups.The historical changes of the Pingfa chieftains not only profoundly influenced the progress of local society,but also represented the process of the continuous progress of this area and the gradual integration of the region groups into the national order.The change of the central dynasty’s ruling policy directly affected the development of the chieftain system,and this fundamentally injected new vitality into the local development.However,this process of change and the development and changes of the local society have two-way,and the local group society can also pass give fulyl use dynamic character to adapt the system,use the system,and transform the system to make it meet the needs of their own development and local society.Chieftain groups have recognized the vicissitudes of transform in different dynasty and have always been a representative of the endless local society.In the Pingfa area,the culture,livelihood and living environment of various groups have undergo integration and reorganization,so that the social structure has become flatter and the identification options of various groups have become more flexible.As the intermediary between the national authority and the bottom ethnic minorities,the chieftain have formed a sequence structure of imperial administration,chieftain,and people in the historical period.Such a structure is not displayed in politics,culture,and economic production,but reflected in the distribution pattern of residence and other aspects finally formed the distribution patterns of " The Miao living on the mountain","Zhongjia living by the river" and " Han living at the market " that we see today,and this feature is more obvious in the chieftain District.