| An account of events that have not yet occurred is important.On the one hand,some narratives are about the consequences of an action.As a motive,the consequences drive the characters to take actions,thus influencing the characters’images reflected in the actions.This kind of narration exists in the hearts of characters and the consequences of their actions is called prejudgment by the author.On the other hand,some narratives do not describe the consequences of an action,nor do they exist in the characters’ psychology,but they exist in the text,and these narratives will affect the readers’ reading experience.Most action in literature is rational.The characters consider the possible consequences of the action,weigh the pros and cons,and take or abandon the action.For action to be rational,prediction needs to satisfy both the character and the event.In terms of action,if you want the character to take action,you should give the order that "in the character’s mind,the character values the desired result more than the unwanted result" in the total amount of consequences of the character’s known actions.If you want the character to give up the action,you should give the order that"in the character’s mind,the character values the unwanted outcome more than the desired outcome" in the total known consequences in the character’s mind,so the character gives up the action.But the characters also need a sequence of consequences,which is the character that needs to be presented.Action is the soul of the story,no action,no story.And people are important.In order to satisfy both requirements,there may be a contradiction between the action and the character:at a certain point in the story,the sequence given by the prediction does not satisfy both the action and the character.If you rank the opinions of the characters according to their established values,this is something the characters will not do at all.The order in which the actions take place breaks down the character’s predetermined values.The character’s mind’s view of the sum total of the consequences of his actions is called anticipation,and the consequences of his actions that draw him to action are motivation.There is no doubt that anticipation is the basis of motivation.The same action,different motives will show different characters.From this perspective,the formation and modification of the prediction can solve the contradiction between the character and the event,so as to modify the character image reflected in the action.There are two ways to modify the prediction.The first is the rational approach,which is conditioned by the characters’ intelligence,their knowledge of what has happened,and the events that have happened.Because of the large number of constraints,there is a lot of room to move.But not absolute freedom.If all three constraints are determined,then the character’s view of the consequences of his actions is determined.The other way is the way of supernatural forces,such as stargazing,divination,the direction of birds,fortune-telling and so on.This modification can occur and work in the absence of a corresponding level of events and intelligence,and can even be contrary to the first method.Only a dozen of Cao Cao’s followers fled Huarong Road.Only by observing the celestial phenomena at night could Zhuge Liang think that Cao Cao should not die.No matter what you do,you can’t kill Cao Cao.By adjusting the relationship between actions and characters in this way,there is no need to adjust the events that have happened or the intelligence of characters,and the contradictions between events and characters can be solved.Prejudgments are narrated and they need to be delivered to the eyes of the reader.From the reader’s point of view,it can be narrated directly to the reader.If it is stated directly,it is called "explicit prediction".However,compared with western novels,Chinese novels do not have so much and delicate psychological description.Even in western novels,there are still many psychology that impels the characters to take actions that are not narrated.These characters’ psychology,which is not directly explained,require readers to "guess" from the actions described.Without speculation,there are a lot of actions that cannot be determined to drive the motives of the characters’ actions,so that the characters’ images cannot be reflected and the basic literary appreciation and research can be affected.This kind of prediction is called implicit prediction.Implicit prediction,which needs to be guessed in the terms given by the text,lacks the voice of an authoritative narrative,so it can be reversed.First describe the actions in a timely manner,even if the story is all "action+action+action".Without describing the psychology that drives the characters to take actions,readers will guess by themselves and form their own opinions about the psychology of the characters.In the following article,the character psychology of the action can be described again The motivation of the above guess and the motivation of the following article can not be consistent.This kind of flipped expression is more common in detective novel literature.Moreover,it has experienced a process of gradual maturity,which has influenced the narrative style of Chinese novels in the immature age.Only a portion of the future information related to the text affects the psychology of the characters,known as anticipation,and thus profoundly affects the content of the literary work.But as long as it’s about the future,it affects the reader’s experience.Future information comes from several sources.According to the location of the information to the points,can be a penny outside the future information,the future information outside the story,the story of the future information and so on.The story-related information provided outside the text refers to the information provided to a certain story by the factors outside the text,such as the publication restriction of the platform and the relatively universal plot of the type of works.Although it is outside the text,it affects the reading experience of the readers when reading the text.The future information outside the story is similar to the input words in "three words and two pats".Although the latter story is narrated in advance,it is not a part of the latter story,and the latter story is self-sufficient.Future information within a story is information that both indicates the development of the story and is part of the story.The greater the degree to which several pieces of future information refute and contradict each other,the greater the suspense.If future information is long and extensive,it will require at least one of these elements,such as supernatural powers,intelligent and demonic characters,or an extraterrestrial narrative.However,in the transformation of narrative mode in Chinese novels,these elements are either infrequent or gradually disappear.Preview is the term closest to the concept of "future information".Prenarrative itself also contains two kinds of future information that only affect the reading experience and affect both the reading experience and the character’s action motivation.But it is dangerous to call implicit prediction implicit prediction.It is also impossible to call future information outside the text an outside text prenarration.The two requirements of "narration should be in the text" and "narration should be on the face" of prenarration themselves limit the space of prenarration interpretation affecting characters’ motivation and readers’ reading experience.Fundamentally,the signified is the most important,but so is the signifier that names the signified.There needs to be a noun for all future information.We use a technical term to refer to future information under future information that affects motivation. |
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