The Research About "Trading Circle" Of Zhangjiakou In Ming And Qing Dynasties

"Trading circle" was built in the frontier fortress,as the management of the trading circle,the castle or town in these area established regulations to intendance the trading activities within trading circle,finally formed a place of frontier trade between the central dynasty and the alien races.The term "trading circle" was often used to document transactions in the Zhangjiakou area in Qing History manuscript.Zhangjiakou lied at the crossroads of the prairies and the mainland,under the influence of ethnic relations.Zhangjiakou Fort was built at Cuipingkou on the ancient road to defend against an invasion,and became the largest and most inveatmen military town along the Great Wall.After the signing of "Long Qing Joint Treaty",the opening of frontier trade is an important turning point in the development of the Zhangjiakou area from "Military city"to"Military city",it was also the first opportunity to change the development landscape of Zhangjiakou.The development of frontier trade maintains made the trading circle in Zhangjiakou enter into the early stages of development.To avoid risk,Wang Daoheng use the pass of the day to set the risk to build "to far castle Trading circle",has caontinued the exchange market for decades more orderly and standard.In order to distinguish,Zhangjiakou Fort is called "Xiapu",and Laiyuan Fort is called "Shangbao".The early Zhangjiakou Fort Trading circle continues to expand to the Laiyuan Fort Trading circle,and as two fulcrum,jointly promote the development of Zhangjiakou trading circle.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the Eight Kingdoms of Jin Merchants won the title of "Eight Kingdoms of Jin Merchants" with the assistance they provided before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs,and they took advantage of their economic privileges to become the actual dominant merchants in Zhangjiakou trading circle.By the Qing Dynasty,the regime inside and outside the Great Wall was unified,the"DaJing" gate opens,with Zhangjiakou as the base camp,the Jin businessmen who are active in the exchange market seize the business opportunities to enter the grassland and carry out the trade in Mongolia.During the reign of Yongzheng,the Sino-Russian trade between Kiakhta and Zhangjiakou was opened,and the characteristics of Zhangjiakou circle changed:gradually from the border of the exchange place to develop the grassland trade "dry dock".The accumulation of wealth promoted the breakthrough in the financial field in the former Qing dynasty.Zhangjiakou trading circle gave birth to financial organizations such as account bureau and banknote,and became the financial center in the north in the early Qing dynasty.Zhangjiakou trading circle has a development process from the traditional exchange market to the open trade,the factors that affect its development also have a dynamic change from the state regulation to the folk leading,and the market area and the building scale are also expanding with the expansion of trade.Zhangjiakou trading circle in the trade between the Han and Mongolia,China and Russia tea trade showed the economic and geographical position of the distribution center,which indicated that Zhangjiakou had grown into a hub city in the northern trade market system in the middle of the Qing dynasty.By virtue of its superior geographical location and commercial advantages,the influence of Zhangjiakou Trading circle is not only limited to providing commodity trade services to the surrounding areas,mature market regulations and business models have also been learned and copied,which is of great significance to the rise of grassland towns and the trade development of Shanxi hometown of Shanxi merchants.However,with the change of the political situation in the late Qing dynasty,the merchants of Shanxi were defeated in the war against the Russian merchants,and the commerce of Zhangjiakou gradually declined.Throughout its development,we can not only see the ethnic relations during the Ming and Qing dynasties,the influence of national policies on the current situation,and the influence on the local economic development,but also comb out the evolution of Zhangjiakou Trading circle,and explore the great significance of the development of Zhangjiakou Trading circle to the rise of towns in the grassland area.