Textual Research On The Four Collation Notes Of ShangShuZhuShu In The Qing Dynasty

Before the Tang Dynasty,the dissemination and interpretation of ShangShu were complicated,and many contents had lost their original appearance.In the Tang Dynasty,Kong Yingda presided over the revision of ShangShuZhengYi according to the text with Kong Anguo’s interpretation published in the Western Jin Dynasty,standardized the text,unified training and interpretation,and became a classic of a generation.In the Southern Song Dynasty,the original text of Shangshu and the two annotations were combined and engraved,which was named ShangShuZhuShu.In the hundreds of years since then,this book has been published and engraved many times,with different versions,contradictory words and sentences and many errors.In the Qing Dynasty,the study of Confucian classics flourished and the study of language and characters flourished.The collation experts started the work of fine correction and re engraving of ShangShuZhuShu.Among the most influential proofreading records,there are ShangShuZhuShuKaoZheng compiled by the Minister of WuYingDian,ShangShuZhuShuZhengZi written by Pu Tang,ShangShuZhuShuJiaoZheng written by Lu Wenchao and ShangShuZhuShuJiaoKanJi presided over by Ruan Yuan,which can be called "the four collation notes of ShangShuZhuShu in the Qing Dynasty".Literature is the transmission carrier of history and culture.Literature relies on characters to convey information and express ideas.If the characters are corrupt,the meaning of the classics is difficult to pass.Therefore,the main content of "the four collation notes of ShangShuZhuShu in the Qing Dynasty" is to textual research,including discriminating the similarities and differences of characters in various editions,examining the origin of different characters,clarifying the evolution of characters and so on.Moreover,these four works are not independent of each other.They are closely related in the content,method and thought of textual research,from which we can see the development process of classics collation in the Qing Dynasty.However,at present,the academic research on the above scholars and related works mostly belongs to the category of collation and edition,and there are few achievements focusing on language and characters.There are more discussions on special books by specially assigned persons and less attention to comprehensive comparison.Therefore,on the basis of textual research on the identity of the four kinds of proofreading notes,this paper attempts to focus on the particularity of each kind of collation notes,select different entry points for typical research,and then conduct comparative research on them based on the relevance of the four kinds of collation notes,so as to summarize the achievements of Chinese philology in the practice of proofreading in the Qing Dynasty and sort out the development context of classics proofreading in the Qing Dynasty.It provides a reference basis for the academic circles to deeply explore the text evolution of the ancient Shangshu scriptures and annotations.The paper is divided into four parts:The first part is the introduction.This paper briefly describes the circulation of ShangShuZhuShu before the Qing Dynasty,introduces the formation process of "the four collation notes of ShangShuZhuShu in the Qing Dynasty",explains the objectives and significance of this research,summarizes the research status of four proofreading scholars and relevant proofreading notes of the thirteen classics in the Qing Dynasty,summarizes the relevant achievements of today’s textual research and proofreading of Shangshu scriptures and annotations,and explains the research ideas and research methods of this paper.The second part is from chapter one to chapter three.From the perspective of the contents and methods of textual research,combined with the examples of textual analysis,this paper discusses in detail the textual research of "the four collation notes of ShangShuZhuShu in the Qing Dynasty".In terms of content,among the four collation notes,there are a large number of textual research,rich regulations,both investigation and proof,detailed evidence,standardized terms and clear analysis.Among them,ShangShuZhuShuJiaoZheng pays special attention to analyzing the causes of the errors of the characters,judging the relationship between different texts,and combing the origin of the development of the characters.It often has inventions in the four contents of "identifying ancient and modern characters" "discriminating variant characters" "distinguishing borrowed characters" and "associating homologous characters".Although its terminology is sometimes vague and not very rigorous,it generally surpasses its predecessors and enlightens postgraduates.The first chapter focuses on this book and examines the whole.In terms of methods,the four collation notes take the methods of Duijiao,Benjiao,Tajiao and Lijiao as the sharp tools for textual research.They have made remarkable achievements in correcting similarities and differences,determining right and wrong.Influenced by the academic environment at that time,scholars tended to revise the Scriptures in Chinese philology,seek truth through reasoning.Their methods of textual research are exquisite,surpassing predecessors and forming their own characteristics,which is obviously reflected in ShangShuZhuShuJiaoKanJi.Ruan Yuan and other scholars pushed through the old to bring forth the new.The method of collating Scriptures through language knowledge based on examining characters from glyphs,phonology,exegesis and grammar,as well as the method of collating Scriptures through reasoning represented by examining characters from line meaning,local names and political system,have greatly promoted the reform of textual research methods.Although there are mistakes in changing words at will in this book,its advantages will not be affected by its disadvantages.The second chapter will outline the book to explore the whole.However,textual research should still be based on preserving the original appearance of books.It was also the consensus of the scholars in the Qing Dynasty to determine right and wrong according to the similarities and differences.As far as the discrimination of different texts is concerned,the pioneering work of ShangShuZhuShuKaoZheng and ShangShuZhuShuZhengZi can not be ignored.The two works made great efforts in examining different versions,comparing words and deeds,and verifying mass books,which laid a good foundation for scholars in the Qing Dynasty to improve the way of "distinguishing similarities and differences",develop the function of"distinguishing similarities and differences",and improve the level of"distinguishing similarities and differences".The third chapter selects several proofreading examples for further discrimination,and then summarizes the general steps of proofreading.The third part is the fourth chapter.This paper discusses the innovation and development of "the four collation notes of ShangShuZhuShu in the Qing Dynasty" from three aspects of content,method and thought.Critical inheritance in content:later generations often secretly use the WuYingDian’s edition of ShangshuZhushu and KaoZheng and point out their mistakes.ShangShuZhuShuJiaoZheng quotations from ShangShuZhuShuZhengZi has both flexibility and violation.ShangShuZhuShuJiaoKanJi has comprehensively developed the achievements of predecessors,but it sometimes has self-confidence and conjecture.Diversified development of methods:the traditional method named Cihuang is basically abandoned,but there are still residues.The method named Kaoyi is still the fundamental method and widely used.The method named Kaozheng develops rapidly and risks coexist.Ideological maturity and progress:from "sparse but not broken Annotation" to "sparse and self written" is a change in the inherent understanding of the tradition.From "changing one to one" to "discriminating the source and flow",scholars began to use the historical and developmental point of view for textual research.The fourth part includes the remaining discussion.Starting from the four points of the view of character system,the view of character development,the development of collation notes and the collation principles of scholars,it is concluded that "the four collation notes of ShangShuZhuShu in the Qing Dynasty" have gradually realized the mutual use of philology and collation,which can be used as a reference for later generations to collate ancient books.