A Study On The Cases Of Markets In The Qing Dynasty Seen From The Kongfu

In the early Qing dynasty,in order to maintain its rule,the Qing Dynasty gave Kongfu a favorable treatment.Not only did it grant a large area of land to Kongfu,it also granted the Kongfu the right to tax the fairs established on it.Its huge economic privilege protection.For these markets,Kongfu sent personnel to manage and collect taxes,which created huge material wealth for the Kongfu.Later,with the recovery and development of the economy,Kongfu Markets and trade became more and more popular.With the continuous increase of income,many privately established Market without the approval of Kongfu appeared,called private collections.This seriously harmed the interests of Kongfu.This was mainly due to the fact that while the Kongfu Markets obtained a large amount of income with its political and economic privileges in the world,it was actually sharing state power with the Qing Dynasty government,which seriously damaged the authority and dignity of the Qing Dynasty government.The rule of the middle and late Qing Dynasty tended to be stable.At this time,the Qing Dynasty government certainly no longer wanted a side participant to exercise power,so it began to want to gradually withdraw the management power of the market and enjoy exclusive benefits.This opened the prelude to the protracted battle between Kongfu and the Qing Dynasty government for the ownership of these markets.In addition,the management of the markets gradually became chaotic;there were also Kongfu brokers who sought personal gain and were greedy for private gains;Kongfu and local private households fought for their own interests,thus hegemonic taxation,private markets,and bullies.There are frequent disputes in various Markets,such as tax collections,private markets and bully upset.This article analyzes the dispute resolution process of the Kongfu Markets Disputes from Emperor Yongzheng to Emperor Guangxu period,and compares different dispute resolution methods,trying to show the role and play of the Kongfu and the Qing Dynasty government in the dispute resolution process.The role of.Specifically,in addition to the collection of tax and ritual silver,which is mostly used for public welfare matters,the market disputes that occurred in major villages are the focus of this article.With regard to disputes involving the Kongfu Markets Disputes,there is a phenomenon of the coexistence of the Kongfu justice and the state justice,and there is a certain "cross jurisdiction" between the two in the process of resolving disputes.Owing to Kongfu’s unique political and cultural status,the exercise of judicial power by the local government in the process of dealing with market disputes is often restricted:in blood-related clan societies,more disputes are settled through mediation.The formal settlement of the case,only part of the national interest or major cases will involve the government in the trial,and Kongfu has never been separated from it,showing the unique management mode of the Kongfu Markets and the relatively dual dispute settlement method.The article is divided into seven parts.Part Ⅰ:Introduction.The first is the statement of problem,the value and significance of the topic selection research;the second is to summarize the current research status of the topic selection by domestic and foreign scholars,clarify the academic research value of the topic selection,and start from a new perspective of the Kongfu Markets,and enrich the previous academic circles’ clan of Kongfu.The study of law;finally,it states the main research methods applicable to this article,makes use of existing historical archives,and analyzes selected specific cases to summarize the development of the Kongfu Markets,the main contradictions and the solutions.Part Ⅱ:Kongfu Markets.This part discusses the Kongfu Markets from the perspectives of establishment,type,management mechanism,scale and distribution,and tax payment.Understand China’s largest family-the Kong family in Qufu,Shandong,in different periods of the Qing Dynasty,the different management rules for the Markets under its jurisdiction,as well as the development of the Kongfu Markets and its distribution in Shandong;The origin,collection methods and uses of the tax and silver in the government fair are discussed,and the differences and performances of the two different types of fairs in the Kongfu Markets in collecting taxes and usage are compared.Among them,the largest number of collections is represented,and the difference in the collection of tax and silver in the market is specifically understood from the two dimensions of time and space.Part Ⅲ:Types of disputes at fairs.In this part,fifty cases from Emperor Yongzheng to Emperor Guangxu period are divided into three types for understanding based on different causes of disputes.By selecting the more typical cases for detailed analysis,the reasons for the three types of disputes and the background of the times are clarified.Part Ⅳ:Analysis of the path of dispute resolution in the cases.The dispute resolution method is divided into two different paths,trial and mediation,and the role and role played by the Kongfu and the Qing Dynasty government(local government)are analyzed.Part Ⅴ:Thinking.Through studying the disputes in the Kongfu Markets in Qing Dynasty,it first summarized the three obvious characteristics of the government’s"limited" trial power,the subjectivity of the parties’ statements,and the result of mediation and reconciliation;then the two aspects were discussed from the positive and negative aspects.In the end,it summarizes the three enlightenments of solving disputes in a dual way,attaching importance to the stability of market order,and giving new connotations to modern markets.Part Ⅵ:Conclusion.On the basis of summarizing the previous article,it discusses the reasons for the contradictions between the Kongfu and the Qing Dynasty government in different historical periods,and the performance of these contradictions in the generation and settlement of disputes in the Kongfu Market cases.