Study On Modern Quality Evaluation Of Chinese Medicinal Materials Based On Traditional Character Identification Experience

The traditional identification experience of traditional Chinese medicine is a quality control method of traditional Chinese medicine summarized on the basis of a large number of clinical practices in China for thousands of years.It takes clinical efficacy as an indicator,so it still has irreplaceable important value in the quality control and evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine.However,the traditional identification experience relies more on subjective experience,and there are problems such as quantification and standards.With the rapid development of modern physical and chemical technology,qualitative or quantitative analysis of the components contained in traditional Chinese medicine has become the main means of quality control of traditional Chinese medicine.For example,one or more main components are selected as index components for limited control in the quality standards represented by ’Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China’.Physicochemical analysis methods have the advantages of relative objectification.However,due to the complex system of multi-components of traditional Chinese medicine and the unclear material basis,the current physical and chemical indicators have poor correlation with clinical efficacy and weak correlation with key quality influencing factors in the production process of medicinal materials.Therefore,it is of great significance to use modern scientific and technological means to excavate the traditional identification experience of traditional Chinese medicine,transform it into physical and chemical indicators that are easy to control,and reveal the modern scientific connotation of traditional identification experience,so as to improve the quality control standard of traditional Chinese medicine and guide the high-quality production of traditional Chinese medicine.In this paper,the commonly used bulk medicinal materials Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix are taken as examples.Because the production methods of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix used in ancient and modern times have changed greatly,and different production methods have caused significant changes in their traits,their quality has changed accordingly.On the basis of mining traditional identification experience,it is necessary to compare the corresponding medicinal materials under different production methods or different key influencing factors based on the high-quality Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix that conform to the traditional summarized traits,and interpret the modern material basis corresponding to traditional traits.It provides a basis for the production of modern high-quality Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix,and provides a paradigm for the quality evaluation of other medicinal materials.The main research contents are as follows.1 Atractylodis Macrocephalae RhizomaWith the depletion of wild resources of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,cultivated Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma has become the absolute mainstream of medicine.However,in the current cultivation process,different production methods such as direct seeding of seeds,transplanting after seedling raising,topping or not,and cultivation years have significantly changed their traits.The high-quality Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma summarized by ancient herbs with the characteristics of ’Fengtou Hejing,sweet and heavy,and smelly’ has almost disappeared.Based on the tradition,this study systematically compared and analyzed Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma with different production methods(direct seeding without topping for 3 years,topping after transplanting for 3 years,mainstream cultivation in Bozhou for 2 years,mainstream cultivation in Zhejiang for 2 years),different topping treatments(no topping,manual topping,chemical topping),different growth years(direct seeding without topping for 1～4 years,topping after transplanting for 2～5 years,abandoned for 4～5 years and abandoned for 7～8 years)from three levels of traits,microscopic characteristics of transverse sections and chemical composition.In terms of traits,the vernier caliper was used to measure the trait data;microscopically,paraffin sections were made by safranin-fast green staining and the microstructure was observed.In terms of chemical composition,the content of water-soluble extract and alcohol-soluble extract was determined by pharmacopoeia method,the content of water-soluble total polysaccharide was determined by anthrone sulfate method,the content of fiber components was determined by fiber analyzer,and the content of monosaccharide,oligosaccharides and some secondary metabolites in Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC).Studies have shown that the samples of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma with no intervention or less intervention in the cultivation process and long cultivation years are the closest to the characteristics of high-quality Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma summarized in the past dynasties.That is,the direct seeding of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma in different production methods does not top the 3-year-old Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,and the high-age Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma in different growth years.Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma samples,which are close to the characteristics of high-quality Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma summarized in the past dynasties,generally show the characteristics of sweet substances(monosaccharides,etc.),fragrant substances(sesquiterpenes),high content of fiber substances,and low content of water-soluble total polysaccharides.The results showed that too much manual intervention in the cultivation process made Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma a large number of polysaccharides enriched and the yield increased,but the accumulation of sweet substances,fragrance substances and fiber substances was insufficient,which affected the quality of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma.However,there are obvious deficiencies in the current quality standards of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma in guiding the high-quality production of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma.For example,there is no index component content determination item in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia ’,and only 60%ethanol extract content requirements are set.According to this study,it is speculated that the 60%ethanol extract mainly includes monosaccharides,oligosaccharides,secondary metabolites and other components,which can be used to roughly evaluate the quality of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma,but it is difficult to characterize the quality of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma.If there is a phenomenon that the content is higher in Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma for 1 year,it can not effectively guide the high-quality production of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma.Based on this,this study proposes to revise the quality standard of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and supplement the quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites such as sesquiterpenes.2 Scutellariae RadixSince ancient times,Scutellariae Radix Georgi has been used as medicine in two specifications of molecular Qin and Kuqin,and its characters and efficacy are obviously different.Modern studies have also shown that there are significant differences in chemical composition and pharmacological activity between the two.At present,the production of Scutellariae Radix is affected by standards and production costs.Ziqin has become the mainstream of the market,and Kuqin has almost disappeared.At the same time,the related research of Scutellariae Radix is mostly around Ziqin,while the research of Scutellariae Radix with high age is relatively lacking.In the production practice,’ Zhongkuer Piao ’ is an important trait identification index of Kuqin medicinal materials.This paper first deeply characterizes the scientific connotation of its trait characteristics,and provides a theoretical basis for guiding the high-quality production of Kuqin medicinal materials.In this study,the chemical constituents of S.baicalensis were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS.A total of 125 chemical constituents in S.baicalensis were analyzed,of which the main compounds were 4’-deoxyflavones and their glycosides.With the increase of years,the content of flavonoid glycosides and aglycones changed significantly during the transformation of Ziqin into Kuqin.The content of flavonoid glycosides increased significantly,and the content of flavonoid aglycones decreased significantly.In the production practice,’ Zhongkueryou ’ is an important character identification feature of Kuqin medicinal materials.The study found that its scientific connotation is mainly that the content of flavonoid aglycones in the xylem near the heartwood is significantly increased,and the expression of metabolic pathway genes such as flavonoid glycoside hydrolysis,phellem synthesis and programmed apoptosis is significantly up-regulated.In the current quality standard of Scutellariae Radix,the distinction between Kuqin and Ziqin is no longer distinguished.At the same time,due to the influence of production cost,Kuqin decoction pieces on the market are almost extinct.At present,only the content of baicalin is detected under the content determination item of the national standard’ Chinese Pharmacopoeia’.However,the study found that the content of baicalin is high in Ziqin and decreased significantly in Kuqin.Based on this,this study suggests that the standard of content determination index should be set according to the characteristics of Ziqin and Kuqin,such as the content determination index of Ziqin is set as baicalin,and the content determination index of Kuqin is set as baicalein,so as to guide the market to restore the production of Kuqin.