Construction Of Yi Medicinal Resource Database And Research On Molecular Identification Of Xiaonongao

Yi Medicine is an ethnic-specific traditional medicine that has been transmitted across generations of the Yi community.It consists of a complete theoretical framework and a diverse range of clinical experience.However,due to the influence of natural and historical factors and incomplete documentation of Yi medicine and materia medical literature over the ages,the abundance and documentation of Yi medicine resources vary significantly.As a result,Yi medicine resources have long been dispersed and challenging to locate,leading to confusion in identifying the various types of Yi medicine and their origins.This has resulted in common issues such as "the same name for different substances" "the same substance with different names" and "local custom or substitute products" which have hampered research on Yi medicine resources.Furthermore,with the expanding Yi medicine market and increasing demand for raw materials driven by economic interests,there is a high prevalence of adulterated Yi medicinal materials,which poses serious threats to their safety and effectiveness in clinical use.Taking these factors into consideration,this study undertakes a systematic examination of the field of Yi medicine and establishes a comprehensive database of Yi medicinal resources,employing the LAMJ framework as a foundation.Furthermore,employing Excel’s categorization,summarization,and filtering functionalities,this study conducts an in-depth analysis of the composition of Yi medicinal materials,encompassing categories,taxonomic distribution,geographical distribution,life form characteristics,medicinal parts,therapeutic indications,and methods of use.Additionally,the study assesses the status of these materials in terms of endangered species,uniqueness to China,and adherence to quality standards.Moreover,by leveraging the chloroplast(cp)genome as a super barcode,the study explores its potential application in the authentication of "Xiaonongao" and commonly encountered adulterants in Yi medicinal materials.The primary research contents and findings are as follows:1.Construction of the Yi medicinal resources information databaseIn this study,a comprehensive compilation of Yi medical literature was conducted,incorporating 34 monographs and 116 journal articles,resulting in the acquisition of a total of6,566 valid records pertaining to Yi ethnic medicinal substances.The scientific databases were employed to validate the Latin names of the species mentioned in the collected data.The accepted scientific name was used as the unique identifier,ensuring consistency in handling synonymous names.The analysis revealed a total of 1,708 distinct medicinal species documented in Yi medicine.The nomenclature of Yi medicinal substances,including their botanical,zoological,and mineral names,Yi phonetic transliterations,taxonomic classifications,medicinal plant parts,Latin names,therapeutic functions,literature sources,and standard citations,was carefully revised and organized to generate a comprehensive dataset of Yi ethnic medicinal resources.Simultaneously,the construction of a Yi ethnic medicinal resource database was accomplished,wherein the aforementioned data were stored.The database is freely accessible through the following link: http://mzy.symy.net/bio Nationdrug.html?drugtype=4,enabling the sharing of Yi medicinal resource information.2.Compilation and analysis of Yi medicinal resource varieties.2.1 At present,there exist 1708 documented varieties of medicines utilized by the Yi people,encompassing 1492 plant-based medicines that derive from 188 families and 742 genera,200animal-based medicines that stem from 95 families and 159 genera,and 16 mineral-based medicines.Yi medicinal plants are primarily distributed in subtropical and temperate regions,including Yunnan,Sichuan,Guizhou,and Guangxi.Of the total,297 types of medicinal plants are exclusively found in China,with 83 of these species confined to Yunnan.Furthermore,142 types of plants have been classified under various conservation lists,specifically those belonging to the Orchidaceae,Apiaceae,Fabaceae,and Melanthiaceae families that are deemed more vulnerable.Notably,50 animal species within the Yi medicinal realm have also been cataloged under various protection lists.These findings point towards the distinct regional features characteristic.2.2 From a botanical perspective,the use of roots and rhizomes in Yi medicine is the most frequent,followed by the whole herb and leaves.In terms of therapeutic application,animal and plant-based medicines are predominantly used to treat digestive system disorders,whereas mineral-based medicines are utilized for treating injuries and skin ailments.With regard to the mode of administration,Yi medicinal plants are primarily administered as decoctions,followed by various types of plasters.In contrast,animal and mineral medicines are frequently employed in plaster form.The utilization of Yi medicinal materials appears to be closely linked to the Yi people’s living environment and dietary habits,thereby demonstrating typical ethnic characteristics.2.3 The results of the compilation of quality standards for Yi medicinal materials indicate that a total of 877 Yi medicinal materials have been included in various levels of standards,accounting for 51.29% of the total number of Yi medicinal materials.Among them,310 medicinal plant species are included in the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the peoples republic of China.Taking the Asteraceae family as an example,an analysis was conducted on various aspects including the nomenclature,varieties,origins,medicinal parts,therapeutic functions,and quality standards of the medicinal materials within this family.The results reveal that there is a prevalent lack of standardization in terms of the "variety-name-origin" of Asteraceae Yi medicinal materials,and there is a need for further standardization in the description of medicinal parts and therapeutic effects.Furthermore,the research on quality standards for Asteraceae Yi medicinal materials is relatively limited,which severely hampers their industrial development.3.Research on molecular identification of XiaonongaoIn this study,we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the cp genomes of seven species of Yi medicinal material "Xiaonongao" and its adulterants,including sequencing,assembly,and comparative analysis.Our findings reveal that the cp genomes of each species exhibit a typical quadripartite structure and consist of 132 genes,with a total length ranging from152,208 bp to 152,701 bp.We also identified six highly variable intergenic regions,namely rps16-trn Q-UUG,atp H-atp I,pet N-psb M,rps4-trn T-UGU,rpl32-trn L-UAG,and ccs A-ndh D,which could serve as potential molecular markers for identification.Our comparative analysis indicates that there are minor differences in the cp genomes of "Xiaonongao" and its adulterants,with no significant contraction and expansion of the inverted repeat.Moreover,utilizing the cp genomes as super barcodes,the identification of "Xiaonongao" and its adulterants was successfully achieved.The results demonstrated that the complete cp genome can effectively distinguish "Xiaonongao" from its adulterants.This approach offers a standardized and streamlined operation,providing a robust tool for ensuring the clinical safety and market regulation of Yi medicinal materials.In conclusion,this study has undertaken a systematic categorization of Yi medicinal resources,thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the diversity of Yi medicinal materials.Notably,the establishment of the Yi ethnic medicinal resource database based on the LAMJ framework has facilitated the integration and utilization of Yi medicinal resources,thus offering robust support for data management and information retrieval.This achievement holds significant importance for advancing research and development in the field of Yi medicinal substances.Furthermore,the successful application of cp genome technology in the identification of Yi medicinal materials and their adulterants serves as a compelling example for molecular identification research in this domain.The findings of this study have farreaching implications,encompassing the standardization of Yi medicinal materials,identification of Yi medicinal substances,sustainable resource utilization,and conservation efforts targeting endangered species within the realm of Yi medicine.