| Objective:1.To investigate the exposure levels of PM2.5 and PM10 and the current status of semen quality in Taiyuan.Inverse distance weighted interpolation was used to estimate the individual exposure levels of PM2.5 and PM10 at different critical windows of sperm development.2.To investigate the relationship between PM2.5 and PM10 exposure levels and semen quality in Taiyuan city,and the sensitive period of PM2.5 and PM10 exposure on sperm development.3.The modifying effects of age,BMI,and smoking on the association between PM2.5and PM10 exposure levels and semen quality were analyzed.Methods:From October 10,2021 to October 10,2022,men were recruited from the Reproductive Health Clinic of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University for semen quality test.Under the principle of informed consent,a questionnaire survey was conducted on the subjects,including academic data,disease history,lifestyle,etc.Semen specimens of the subjects were collected for routine semen examination.The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 24 hours at each monitoring point in Taiyuan were recorded through the national urban air quality real-time publishing platform.The inverse distance weighted interpolation method was used to estimate 0-90 days,0-9 days,10-14 days and 15-69 days before semen detection of each subject according to their resident addresses.PM2.5 and PM10 exposure levels from 70 to 90 days.A database was established by Excel2010 software,SPSS27.0 was used for statistical analysis,Spearman correlation analysis,Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysiswere used to explore the effects of exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 at different key Windows of sperm development on semen parameters.Stratified analysis was used to stratify age,Body Mass Index(BMI)and smoking status to explore the effects of age,BMI and smoking status on PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and semen parameters.Results:1.Basic information of semen quality parameter The semen volume of the subjects was 3.32 ± 0.03 ml,and the median of 3.05 ml.The sperm concentration was(33.03 ± 0.70)× 106/ml,and the median was 26.41 ×106/ml.The total sperm count was(106.65 ± 2.25)× 106/ml,and the median was 80.96 ×106/ml.The progressive motility of sperm was 39.77 ± 0.55% and the median was37.18%.The total sperm motility was 47.61×0.58% and the median was 47.00%.The normal morphology of sperm was 9.10 ± 0.08% and the median was 9.50%.2.The concentration of PM2.5/PM10 exposure in different window periods of semen development The PM2.5 exposure concentration of all subjects was 46.06 ± 0.37μg/m3,47.56± 0.57μg/m3,44.81 ± 0.59μg/m3,46.22 ± 0.40μg/m3 and 44.81 ± 0.46μg/m3 at 0-90 days,0-9 days,10-14 days,15-69 days and 70-90 days before semen examination,respectively.The PM10 exposure concentration of all subjects was 89.36 ± 0.52μg/m3,92.63 ±0.98μg/m3,7.97 ± 1.10μg/m3,8.77 ± 0.55μg/m3,91.69 ± 0.83μg/m3 at 0-90 days,0-9days,10-14 days,15-69 days and 70-90 days before semen examination,respectively.3.Correlation between PM exposure and quality at different windows of sperm development During 0-90 days before semen examination,PM2.5 exposure was negatively correlated with semen volume,sperm concentration,total sperm count,progressive motility,and normal sperm morphology(β =-0.059,β =-0.604,β =-0.025,β =-0.015,β =-0.073,P value was lower than 0.05).Between 70 and 90 days before the semen examination,PM10 exposure was negatively correlated with semen volume,sperm concentration,progressive motility,total sperm motility and normal sperm morphology(β =-0.080,β =-0.472,β =-0.021,β =-0.007,β =-0.103,P value was lower than 0.05).4.Associations between particulate matter exposure and semen parameters under age,BMI,and smoking status Subgroup by age: 90 days PM2.5 exposure before semen examination was associated with normal sperm morphology(βage<35 years=-0.624,P < 0.001,βage≥35 years=-0.536,P <0.001)in two subgroups of age;The PM10 concentration of semen examination before70~90 days was statistically associated with decrease demen volume(βage<35 years =-0.070,P = 0.005,βage≥35 years=-0.153,P = 0.007),progressive motility(βage<35岁=-0.218,P <0.001,βage≥35 years=-0.273,P = 0.003),total sperm motility(βage<35岁=-0.090,P = 0.019,βage≥35岁=-0.189,P = 0.034)statistically.Subgroup by BMI:In both BMI subgroups,PM2.5 exposure concentration 0-90 days before semen examination was correlated with normal sperm morphology(β<24kg/m2=-0.653,P < 0.001,β≥24kg/m2=-0.583,P < 0.001),total sperm count(β<24kg/m2=-0.032,P= 0.005,β≥24kg/m2=-0.022,P = 0.010)was statistically associated with the decrease;PM10exposure 70-90 days before semen examination was statistically associated with decreased semen volume(βBMI<24kg/m2 =-0.079,P = 0.034,β≥24kg/m2=-0.074,P = 0.010)and progressive motility(βBMI<24kg/m2 =-0.246,P < 0.001,β≥24kg/m2=-0.211,P < 0.001).Subgroup by smoking status:In the two smoking subgroups,PM2.5 exposure concentration 90 days before semen detection was statistically associated with decreased sperm normal morphology(βnon-smking =-0.535,P < 0.001,βsmoing =-0.707,P < 0.001)and total sperm count(βnon-smking =-0.021,P = 0.025,βsmoing =-0.031,P = 0.001).PM10 exposure 70 to 90 days before semen examination was statistically associated with semen volume(βnon-smking =-0.063,P = 0.037,βsmoing =-0.104,P = 0.003),normal sperm morphology(βnon-smking =-0.443,P < 0.001,βsmoing =-0.519,P < 0.001),progressive motility(βnon-smking =-0.195,P < 0.001,βsmoing =-0.258,P < 0.001)and total sperm count(βnon-smking =-0.020,P = 0.045,βsmoing =-0.023,P=0.035)decreased.Conclusion:PM2.5 exposure affected the whole period of spermatogenesis.With the increase of PM2.5 exposure,semen volume,sperm concentration,total sperm count,progressive motility,and normal sperm morphology decreased.PM10 exposure affected the early stage of sperm development.With the increase of PM10 exposure concentration,semen volume,sperm concentration,progressive motility,sperm total motility and sperm normal morphology decreased.Age,BMI and smoking could affect the relationship between particulate matter exposure and semen quality,and smoking could aggravate the effect of particulate matter exposure on semen quality. |
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