A Study Of The Hui-Hui In The Late Yuan And Early Ming Period

The political choices of the Hui-hui people in the late Yuan and early Ming period,who were once in a dominant position in society,are clearly academic propositions that deserve attention.Two diametrically opposed views have emerged in the past.one view is that the majority of Hui-hui people,especially the upper class,sided with the ruling class of the Yuan dynasty,either died for their country,or passively shunned the world and seldom participated in the peasant uprising;on the other hand,scholars who study the history of the Hui-hui people have adopted the popular " Ten Huihui generals helped Zhu Yuanzhang become emperor." as the main mode of discussion,believing that many Hui-hui people rose to become the Founding Fathers during the late Yuan peasant uprising,thus influencing the policies against Hui-hui people in the early Ming.The first chapter points out through the analysis of more cases that at the time of the Yuan-Ming Revolution,there were both those who were loyal to the Yuan Dynasty and even killed themselves and died for their country,and there were also those who were passive and shunned the world and willing to be left behind,and in the course of the Hong-wu regime,there was no shortage of Hui-hui people among the officials,soldiers and intellectuals who belonged to the Ming Dynasty,and even among those who came from Hui-hui nobility families for several generations,there were also general Hui-hui people who rose to become the new military rank during the Yuan-Ming Revolution.The political attitudes and choices of Hui-hui people of different identities during the Yuan-Ming period outline the overall changes of Huihui groups during the era of change.The Yuan-Ming Revolution led to the loss of the Hui-hui’s social dominance,and the Hui-hui as a whole changed from a privileged class to a commoner class;the Hui-hui’s internal class structure was broken down and reorganized,and the Hui-hui’s ethnic origin composition became more diverse.Revisiting the question of the whereabouts of Hui-hui people in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties not only has special significance in the study of Hui-hui history,but also helps to understand the historical impact of the Yuan-Ming Revolution from another perspective.During the Hongwu period,the Mongolian and Lepidopteran groups were subjected to the ritual and customary reform measures in order to establish the legitimacy of their rule,and the names,marriages,languages and customs of the Hui-hui people were all influenced by these.In the past,academic circles believed that the early Ming assimilation policy was a direct external force for the formation of the Hui-hui Community in the middle and late Ming,an understanding that was itself flawed in logic.The second chapter reviews a number of provisions of the Da Ming Law in the early Ming Dynasty,and shows that,firstly,the law prohibiting Hui-hui people from marrying each other was essentially just a call to arms,but was not implemented and did not have much impact at the practical level,Hui-hui people’s choice of whom to marry varied from those who intermarried with Han people to those who intermarried with Hui-hui people,and intermarriage with Han people was more likely to be a personal choice than entirely due to policy constraints.Therefore,this provision is used to argue that the number of returnees increased during the Ming Dynasty due to intermarriage between returnees and Han,which obviously cannot be tested;secondly,the provision of "forbidden bearded surname" made the cases of returnees taking Han surname from the mid to late Yuan Dynasty to a common situation,but Han surname and Han name are not the only identity mark of returnees,thus forming the cultural tradition of returnees taking returnee name within the returnees and Han name in the mainstream society;thirdly,the policy of "forbidden bearded clothing" made the religious clothing of returnees hidden in the religious life,and the distinction between secular and religious clothing is a characteristic of returnees’ clothing culture since the Ming Dynasty;fourthly,the provision of "forbidden bearded language" made the native language of returnees change from mainly Persian to mainly Chinese,and Persian-Arabic was retained in religion and education field.The "banning of the use of the Chinese language" is not a ban,but has gone through a long process of gradual change.It can be seen that the Hui-hui people who underwent the Yuan and Ming Dynasties did not passively accept the high-handed policies implemented in the early Ming Dynasty,but took the initiative to adapt and actively transform themselves,hiding the core content of their culture within the Hui-hui society,forming an experience of not preaching to the outside world,and winning more relaxed external conditions for their internal development.Chapter three pointed out that the general migration of Hui-hui people in the late Yuan and early Ming made the distribution pattern of Hui-hui people more "concentrated" on the basis of "large scattered",the Ming Dynasty military migration to fill the guards as an important means of frontier governance,as part of the military household groups of Hui-hui people also diverted in various guards,performing the duty of guarding the frontier.Participation in the construction of mosques as a form of expression of the Muslim faith culture has gained widespread support from many Muslim immigrants and their descendants in various sanctuaries.The sudden changes in social status and living environment make the Hui-hui people strengthen their self-identification in the process of adjustment and transformation,the cohesion of the health system makes the internal cohesion much stronger,and the division of distinctions makes the Hui people realize their differences and independence from the Han society as a whole.The study of Han culture also strengthened the unity of knowledge of its own roots,and with the formation of an internal knowledge-sharing network within the Hui through sutang education in the mid and late Ming Dynasty,the Hui-hui ethnic community finally appeared in the historical stage as a whole community.