| Since Confucius founded Confucianism,emphasizing education has become a consistent tradition of Confucianism.After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty ascended to the throne,he adopted Dong Zhongshu’s suggestion to depose the Hundred Schools of Thought and exclusively revere Confucianism,which became the official ideology.The new Confucian system constructed by Dong Zhongshu to adapt to the centralized politics of the Great Unification embodies the educational ideology centered on the Confucian ethical principles.Dong Zhongshu inherited the educational ideas of pre Qin Confucianism and advocated humanistic education.He integrated the ideological factors of various schools of thought in the pre Qin period,such as Taoism,Yinyang School,and Mohist School,and constructed a unique view of the Tiandao theory and the Human nature theory,providing theoretical support for his views on benevolence and righteousness.At the same time,it also became the metaphysical basis and logical starting point of his educational ideas.The three-dimensional degree,content and practice path of his enlightenment thought had a profound impact on the development of the Han Dynasty and its post social history.The focus of Dong Zhongshu’s educational theory is on "transformation",which is different from education and focuses more on moral influence.The aim is to educate and improve the people,unify ideas,and consolidate centralization by imparting standardized moral principles.This article is divided into four major parts.The first chapter discusses the social background,cultural background,and ideological origins of Dong Zhongshu’s educational thought.From the development of Western Han society to the period of Emperor Wu of Han,many social contradictions became increasingly prominent: the feudal lords remained large and gradually exceeded the control of the central government;The etiquette system is not sound,and there is no distinction between the central and local levels,and the official system of the feudal state is no difference from the central official system;The increasingly rampant Xiongnu became a major threat to the rule of the Han Dynasty.To solve these internal and external contradictions,the first step is to enhance national strength and strengthen central power,and Huang Laozhi,who advocates for recuperation and rejuvenation,is clearly powerless to meet this demand.Since the establishment of the Han Dynasty,ideological and public opinion has been relatively free.In addition,Confucian scholars have been actively participating in the WTO and committed to the theoretical attempts and practical practices of combining Confucianism with political power.Confucianism has not only not faded out of the rulers’ perspective,but has gradually gained the favor of rulers,becoming the preferred governance ideology for rulers after the Huang,Lao,and Dao schools.The second chapter discusses the theoretical basis of Dong Zhongshu’s educational thought-the view of the the Tiandao theory as the metaphysical basis and the Human nature theory as the logical starting point.Dong Zhongshu first regarded heaven as the origin of all things,and humans derive from heaven.Therefore,heaven is like humans,and the same kind can be felt.Dong Zhongshu further mystified the heavenly deity,using heaven as the basis for the legitimacy of the Han Dynasty regime.He believed that Qin was the will of heaven during the Han Dynasty,and that the monarch was the son of heaven,perceiving the will of heaven to rule the country and implementing moral governance and education.Therefore,the basis for education was also heaven.Man is a product of heaven,endowed with the Yin and Yang Qi of heaven.Yin is evil,and Yang is good.Therefore,there are two fundamental principles to human nature: good and evil.There are both good and evil qualities in human nature,and only through education can we abandon evil and promote good.Therefore,Dong Zhongshu advocates that the people need to accept education.Dong Zhongshu also divided sex into three levels,believing that only the "middle people’s nature" of the middle level needs to be educated,thus determining the object of education.The third chapter discusses the logical development of Dong Zhongshu’s educational thought,analyzing the three-dimensional dimensions of education,the content and methods of education,and the goals of education.The three dimensions of education are divided into faith education,human education,and political education,covering various social classes from the emperor to officials to the people.In the process of education,Dong Zhongshu advocated that educators should mainly focus on Confucian classics and use the "Three Cardinals and Five Constants" as the specific content of education,cultivating the ethical consciousness and moral cultivation of the educated.And it advocates that the systematic official education from Taixue to Xiangxue should be the main path of education,to cultivate people’s intelligence and cultivate talents for the ruling class.The goal of Dong Zhongshu’s advocacy for education is to transform the people into customs with benevolence and righteousness,cultivate talented officials,and maintain the centralized rule of the Han Dynasty as the fundamental goal.The fourth chapter discusses the historical influence and status of Dong Zhongshu’s educational ideology.Dong Zhongshu’s educational ideology,as a key link in the development history of Confucian educational ideology,inherits the Confucian educational tradition and further transforms it on this basis.Dong Zhongshu was influenced by the human nature theory of Mencius and Xun,but he also developed and abandoned it.He proposed a different view of human nature theory from Mencius and Xun,believing that the coexistence of good and evil qualities in the nature of the Chinese people should be educated,further expanding the scope of the objects of education,taking into account the interests of the rulers and the ruled classes,from the emperor to the people,and standardizing the behavior of education.On the other hand,it absorbed the ideas of a hundred schools of thought and found the support of the Tiandao theory for Confucian enlightenment.Dong Zhongshu combined the thought of Yin Yang and Five Elements with Confucianism,using Yin Yang to explain the relationship between temperament and ethics,and establishing a metaphysical basis for educational thought.After Dong Zhongshu’s transformation and development,Confucianism became the orthodox culture of Chinese feudal society.Dong Zhongshu promoted Confucianism to an unprecedented political position,making important contributions to maintaining the stability of the Han Dynasty’s political power and unifying public ideology,as well as providing reference for future generations’ educational governance ideas.However,influenced by the historical environment,Dong Zhongshu’s educational ideas inevitably have certain historical limitations. |
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