A Study Of Important Function Words Of The Chinese Social Documents Of The Yuan Dynasty From Khara-Khoto Collected In China

Since its introduction,the Khara-Khoto document has attracted much academic attention,and is a primary source for studying the political and economic life,legal system and culture of Song Dynasty,Western Xia Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty,preserving the most authentic aspects of the written text.Jiang Jicheng（2019）classified modern Chinese dummy words into pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries,and adverbs.Based on this theory,this paper takes the Chinese social documents of the Yuan Dynasty from Khara-Khoto Collected in China（hereinafter referred to as Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto）as the research material,and exhaustively collates the words“每”“者”“了”“讫”“来”“有”“呵”“将”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.The grammatical functions and grammatical meanings of these words were analyzed by building a corpus.The first chapter discusses the use of“每”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.It describes in detail the two uses of“每”as a pronoun and as an auxiliary,focusing on the emergence of the use of“每”as a plural ending as a result of both the evolution of Chinese itself and linguistic contact.The second chapter discusses the the use of the word“者”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.This section describes in detail the two uses of“者”as a pronoun and as an intonation word.It is tentatively argued that as a pronoun“只者”is used as a common near pronoun“这”.influenced by the contact between the Chinese and Mongolian languages during the Yuan dynasty,“这”is mainly focused on It is used to express the imperative tone.The third chapter discusses the grammatical aspects of“了”and“讫”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.This section describes in detail the dummy usage of“了”and“讫”,including the grammatical aspects of“了”as a dynamic auxiliary（了₁）and as a state of affairs auxiliary（了₂）;The grammatical functions of“讫”and“去讫”;and a comparison of“了”and“讫”;with the idea that“讫”is mainly used in written discourse and“了”in spoken discourse.Chapter 4 discusses the grammatical aspects of the word“来”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.This section describes in detail the dummy usage of“来”,including the forms“来”and“去来”;it analyses the evolution of the state of affairs auxiliary“来”and holds that the state of affairs auxiliary“来”is evolved from the verb“来”.Chapter 5 discusses the the use of“有”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.This section describes in detail the dummy usage of“有”,both as a headword and as a tense marker.It is argued that the use of“有”as a tense marker is a special usage in Yuan dynasty Chinese,and that this usage is the result of a combination of the development of the Chinese language itself and the contact between the Chinese and Mongolian languages.Chapter 6 discusses the the use of“呵”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.This part mainly discusses the two auxiliary uses of“呵”as modal word and hypothesis.This paper argues that the usage of“呵”as a hypothetical word is more characteristic of the literal translation grammar in Yuan dynasty,and that the distribution of this use in the texts reflects the greater influence of spoken Chinese on contact between Chinese and Mongolian languages than on written language during this period..Chapter 7 discusses the the use of the word“将”in Yuan Dynasty documents from Khara-Khoto.This section focuses on the use of“将”as a dummy word,including as a preposition,an auxiliary and an adverb.It is argued that“将”is mainly used as a preposition in the dispositional tense,with limited use as an auxiliary,and as an adverb in the temporal sense.In general,as an excavated documentary corpus reflecting the linguistic landscape of the northwestern region of the Yuan dynasty,the the use of the function words retains the basic features of Yuan dynasty Chinese.At the same time,the grammatical usage of the literal translation of the function words studied in this paper is relatively small,which is probably due to the constraints of the language style of the official documents.