A Study On Western Han Dynasty Tombs In Northern Hebei And Western Liaoning Area

In the late Warring States period,Northern Hebei and Western Liaoning were the territory of the State of Yan.In the Western Han Dynasty,they were the important frontier areas of the empire.Most of them belonged to the Yuzhou Imperial History Department.On the basis of previous studies on regionalization,this paper makes an integrated study of the published tombs of the Western Han Dynasty in Northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning.The methods used include archeological typology,literature research,comparative analysis and mathematical analysis.In this paper,the overall burial structure and funerary goods are divided into stages,and their characteristics and commonalities are compared with those in other regions.Besides,the paper analyzes the social and economic development status,the identity characteristics of the tomb owners and the funeral concepts and thoughts reflected behind,and supplements and enriches the literature records.In terms of burial structure,the northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning can be divided into earth pit and cave chamber tomb,with a small number of brick chamber and SLATE tomb,among which earth pit and cave chamber tomb are the most,followed by cave chamber tomb.There are many kinds and quantities of funerary objects.This paper selects representative objects for research,mainly pottery,bronze,iron,etc.Because pottery is a large part of the pottery,and the characteristic of change is obvious,so the typology analysis is carried out on the representative pottery.The ceramic tripod was divided into two types,two subtypes and five types.The clay pot is divided into circle foot pot and flat bottom pot.The former has two types,three subtypes and eight types,and the latter has two types,two subtypes and five types.Ceramic POTS are divided into high-neck and narrow-mouth POTS(two types,three subtypes,nine types),low-neck and narrow-mouth POTS(three types,seven subtypes,thre types),low-neck and wide-mouth POTS(three types,seven subtypes,thirteen types),high-neck and wide-mouth POTS and three-legged POTS.Copper coins,mirrors and hooks are common,and there are a few bronze vessels.Iron is given priority to with tools,including knife,Cha,Jue,chisel,sickle,adze,etc.According to the evolution of the burial structure and the combination of burial articles,the northern Hebei and Western Liaoning can be divided into four periods,namely,the early Western Han Dynasty,the early Western Han Dynasty,the middle Western Han Dynasty and the late Western Han Dynasty,and the periodic characteristics of the burial and burial articles are studied.The evolution of tombs in the Western Han Dynasty had certain stage characteristics,and the earth pit tomb was absolutely dominant in the whole Western Han Dynasty.The prevalence of cave chamber tomb was on the rise in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty,and there were some brick chamber tombs and SLATE tombs.At the same time,the earth pit tombs appeared tomb paths,and the forms and types became rich.In the early Western Han Dynasty,the funerary articles included imitation copper pottery and a few practical pottery,among which the imitation copper pottery was not complete.In the early Western Han Dynasty,practical ware was mainly used,and pottery POTS and boxes were newly added.With the increase in the number of discovered objects,the types of burial objects were gradually enriched,and there were also iron,jade stone ware,bronze ware,iron ware,etc.Utility continued to be popular in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty;Late western han dynasty is given priority to with practical device,a small copper Tao Li Qi ding,He,and a small number of model funerary wares Tao Zao,buried with more abundant species,including iron,bronze,jade,wood,lacquer,silver,etc.On the basis of the above research,the Western Han Dynasty tombs in Northern Hebei and Western Liaoning are compared with those in the Warring States period in the same region and those in different regions in the same period.It is found that the Western Han Dynasty tombs in this region not only inherit and develop the local traditional culture of the Warring States,but also have the crystallization of cultural interaction with other regions.The inheritance of traditional Warring States culture in northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning region is mainly reflected in the use of pit tombs,urn coffins,pot-shaped beans,curved beans,and flat-bottled POTS with rounded and circular lips and narrow mouth.Compared with other areas,it can be found that the cave tombs and model objects in this area are affected by the radiation of Guanzhong area.The central and southern Hebei area is more like a transitional belt connecting the central Plains area and the northern and western Liaoning area of Hebei Province.The number and type of marred animals in central and southern Inner Mongolia are richer than that in northern Hebei and western Liaoning area.Shell tombs exist in both regions around Bohai Sea.The development of brick tombs and model open ware in eastern Liaoning is more advanced than that in western Liaoning.The iron ware in Hexi region,including weapons,reflects a stronger significance of war readiness behind tombs.The development degree of the Han system in the above regions is deeper than that in Northern Hebei Province and western Liaoning Province,which is more like a backward cultural development circle with strong conservative color.This paper introduces the perspectives of big tradition and small tradition,regards the commonness of Han tombs as big tradition and regional characteristics as small tradition,and finds that in the early Western Han Dynasty,the small tradition occupied the mainstream position,followed by the big tradition.After entering the middle and late Western Han Dynasty,the proportion of big tradition increased,while the proportion of small tradition decreased.The middle and late Western Han Dynasty was an important period for the development and reform of the big tradition,and the Northern Hebei Province and Western Liaoning were affected to some extent.But the performance was not as fast as in other regions compared in the article.Finally,the paper takes the tomb as the entry point,and studies the economy,the identity of the tomb owner and the funeral thoughts reflected behind it.It finds that although the terrain is complex,the agricultural development is relatively complete,handicraft industry and commerce have developed.According to the above,the tombs can be divided into two grades with obvious differences.The first grade was mainly distributed in the northern Hebei region,which may be related to the large number and dense distribution of prefectures and counties in the region.At the same time,the period was mainly the middle and late Western Han Dynasty.In this region,the idea of ancestor worship and immortal soul derived from the idea of worship ancestors and ghosts and spirits of the funeral,such as "death is like life",the idea of ascension of the immortal.