| Photonic crystals have attracted great attention due to their potential scientific value and wide applications. Only from 2003 to 2005, 21 papers were published in"Nature"and"Science". Different methods have been used to research the structures, theories, fabrication techniques and brand-new physical characters of photonic crystals by the research groups all over the world, and great progresses have been obtained.M. Campbell et al presented that 3D photonic crystal can be fabricated using 3D holographic technique. With its inherent flexibility, low cost and high fabrication speed, this technique makes the use of photonic crystals more practical. However, because the fabrication system usually needs three (for 2D) or four (for 3D) beams interference, it has the disadvantages of complex optical setup, unstable system, and small crystal size. Thus the application of photonic crystal is mainly limited in laboratory research. In this dissertation, theoretical analysis and experiments on fabrication techniques of photonic crystals are deeply discussed and some valuable results are obtained. The main contents are as follows:1. The exposure and developing processes of recording 3D structure in photoresist is simulated by computer. The influences of intensity ratio, polarization states and contrast on fabricating holographic photonic crystal template are analyzed. The optimized parameters of fabricating fcc structure photonic crystal are presented.2. A two-beam multi-exposure holographic technique for fabricating three-dimensional photonic crystals is proposed. Theoretical analysis proves that it can obtain the same structures as four-beam system does.3. It demonstrates that photonic crystal can be fabricated using a holographic optical element (HOE). The influences of grating depth and polarization angles of incident beams on diffraction efficiency and polarization of diffracted beams are calculated, and an optimized HOE for fabricating fcc structure photonic crystal is presented.
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