Research On Diversity And Classification Of Apis Cerana From North-China

China is the largest country of beekeeping in the world.Being the most important species resource in china ,Apis cerana has been more than seventy millions of years developing histries.They distributed over all provinces,every flowering corners except Xinjiang and Nei Monggol Autonomous Region ,They were best contributed to special vegetation systems of our country and are very important to pollination of flowering crops and fruit trees in early spring because of their early going out for collecting .People in mountain areas like keeping them because they are good at collecting odd pieces nectar resouces.They are also important to disease-resistant beebreeding working for it's high resistanting bee mites.Now the resourses of Apis cerana have been decreased to be in imminent danger state because of early introducing Apis mellifera from 1896 and be encroached the big scale disease.Morever there is fewer morphological studies on Apis cerana and it's sub-geographic specis classification are being on confusion station though people did a lot of studies.In this study, we had re-investigated Apis cerana resources in North-Chian areas and collected 294 colony samples from Shandong ,Hebei ,Shanxi,Henan and Beijing provinces or citiy.through measured and analysized 41 morphological characters (such as length of proboscis ,length of femur of bee hind leg, length of tibia of bee hind leg,length of bee hind leg metabasitarsu,width of bee hind leg metabasitarsus,length of bee right forewing ,width of bee right forewing ,length of bee right forewing cubital vein a ,length of bee right forewing cubital vein b ,bee index number of cubital vein ,number of bee hindwing hamuli ,bee length of bee hair on tergum 5,bee distance of bee wax mirror on sternum3 ,bee length of bee wax mirror on sternum3 ,bee width of bee wax mirror on sternum3,bee length of sternum3,bee length of sternum6,bee width of sternum6,bee length of tergum3,bee length of tergum4,bee width of tomentum 1 on tergum4,bee width of tomentum 2 on tergum4,bee pigment of scutellum Sc area,bee pigment of scutellum K area,bee pigment of scutellum B area,bee pigment of tergum 2,bee pigment of tergum 3,bee pigment of tergum 4 ,bee pigment of labrum ,bee pigment of clypeus ,angle A4 of bee forwing ,angle B4 of bee forwing ,angle D7 of bee forwing ,angle G18 of bee forwing ,angle K19 of bee forwing ,angle O26 of bee forwing,angle E9 of bee forwing ,angle L13 of bee forwing ,angle J16 of bee forwing,angle N23 of bee forwing ,angle N23 of bee forwing)which had been approved by internationel researchers on each bee sample ,all data were statisticly analysed through factor analysise ,discriminant analysis ,cluster analysis ,and correlation analysis with geographical patameters by using SPSS 10.0.The mitochondrial DNA Trna-leu~COâ…¡gene of A.cerana about Shanxi and Henan provinces was amplified using the reported primer pair E2/H2 and sequenced. The alignment was also performed. The results are as follows:1.We put forward serious of criterions about A.cerana pigmentation which are 0~9 classes of 2~4 tergums,scutllum SC area and clypeu,0~7classes of scutllum K area, 0~6 classes of B area and 0~6 classes of labrum.2 The resulting dendrogram of cluster analysis supports that all bees came from North-China are devided into four branches.The first branch is composed by the bees from six areas Hebei-handan ,Shandong-yanggu,Henan-jianxi,Shanxi-yuncheng,Shandong-haiyang and Shandong-qixia .The second branch encompasses the bees from Henan-yiyang,Henan-lingbao,Shanxi-changzhi and Shanxi-jincheng,The third branch is composed by the bees from Beijing-fangshan and Hebei-xinglong and the last branch comes from Henan-baiyunshan.Discriminent analysis supports this result.Factor 1 repesented most of mophlojical characters about A. cerana from North-China have notable correlations with altitude and latitude,negative notable correlation with temperature,Many figure characters are bigger along with altitude's higher,latitude's bigger and temperature's lower ;Factor 2 repesented most of pigmentation characters about A. cerana from North-China have notable strong correlations with longitude ,rainfull and temperature,negative notable correlation with altitude,Many pigment characters are darker along with altitude's higher, longitude's smaller and rainfull's fewer .Apis cerana which from North-China have high variables and abundant genetic resources,There is high difference between each collection locations through multivariate ANOVA.3.Research results of each province are:(1)Three main factors were raised from morphometric characters of Shandong Apis cerana. Factor 1 has no correlation with environment variables,factor 2 has strong negative notable correlation with altitude,longitude and rainful,negative notable correlation with latitude and notable correlation with temperature.Eight morphometric characters such as Fe, Ti, a,Ci, P3, PL2, G18 and O26 have correlations with environment variables by different forms and degrees.There are differences between different collecting areas of Shandong province, also there are 16 characters/times differences between all two areas through multivariate ANOVA.The resulting dendrogram of cluster analysis supports that Shandong bees are devided into four branches.The first branch encompasses the bees from Qixia collecting locations.The second branch is composed by the bees from Haiyang collecting locations and the last branch comes from Yanggu different colonies.(2) Five main factors were raised from morphometric characters of Hebei Apis cerana.Factor 1 has strong notable correlation with altitude , notable correlation with longitude,latitude and rainful . negative notable correlation with temperature.Tirteen figure morphometric characters and eight pigment morphometric characters have correlations with environment variables by different forms and degrees.There are notable or strong notable differences between two collecting areas of Hebei province.The resulting dendrogram of cluster analysis supports that Hebei Apis cerana are devided into three branches.The first branch encompasses the Apis cerana from Xinglong collecting locations.The second branch is composed by the Apis cerana from Xinglong and Handan collecting locations and the last branch comes from Handan colonies.(3)Two main factors were raised from morphometric characters of Shanxi Apis cerna.Factor 1 has notable correlation with longitude and latitude ,strong notable correlation with altitude, notable negative correlation with temperture,no correlation with rainfull.Fector 2 has only notable correlation with temperature, no correlation with altitude, longitude ,latitude and rainfull.16 morphometric characters have correlations with environment variables by different forms and degrees.There are notable differences between Jincheng, Yuncheng, Changzhi and Lishi areas on characters vein b,Ci and 3WD,strong notable differences on ML , FL ,FB, L6,T6,T3,T4, 4A,4B, Sc and PL1.The resulting dendrogram of cluster analysis supports that Shanxi bees are devided into three branches.The first branch encompasses Apis cerana from Jincheng collecting locations. Apis cerana from Changzhi,Yuncheng and Lishi collecting locations are in the three different branches .(4)Three main factors were raised from morphological characters of Henan Apis cerna.Factor 1 has notable correlation with altitude and rainful,strong notable correlation with latitude , no correlation with longitude and temperature.Factor 2 has notable strong correlation with longitude , rainful and temperature ,negative notable correlation with latitude,no correlation with altitude. Ti,MT,3WL,S3,L6,4B and PL2 have notable differences betweenYiyang,Jianxi, Lingbao and Baiyunshan areas through multivariate ANOVA.3WL,T6, T3 ,Sc, K, B, P2,P3, P4, PL2 and A4 have notable strong differences between four areas.The resulting dendrogram of cluster analysis supports that Hebei bees are devided into three branches. The first branch is composed by the bees from other Baiyunshan ,Yiyang and Lingbao collecting locations and the second branch comes from Jianxi. The last branch encompasses Apis cerana from Baiyunshan-2 colony.(5) Four main factors were raised from morphological characters of Beijing Apis cerana.They concluded all variable data.Apis cerana come from Beijing are devided into 2 branches.4. The alignments about mitochondrial DNA Trna-leu~COâ…¡gene of A.cerana from Shanxi and Henan provinces are the same as 438bp,and the ratio of A+T was 84.72% about the alignments. Apis cerana from Shanxi and Henan provinces are homologous.5. Apis cerana resourses are decreasing sharply and 75% areas did not distributed .Conclusion about my research are :1. because of its unique and aboundent pigmental characters, Apis cerana should be measured according to the criterions about Apis cerana itself replaced by using the criterion about Apis mellifera .2. There are high variation of morphological characters and abundant diversity of genetic resources about Apis cerana which came from North-China .3. The resulting dendrogram of cluster analysis supports that all bees came from North-China are devided into four branches.4. Morphological characters and main factors are interrelated with environment elements.5.The alignments about mitochondrial DNA Trna-leu~COâ…¡gene of A.cerana from Shanxi and Henan provinces are same because of their same origin.