Determination Technique And Application In The Environment Of Electrochemiluminescence By Capillary Electrophoresis

There are a mass of organic matter in the environment including geologyenvironment, soil environment, water environment and atmosphere environment. Theorganic matter mostly from people came into being organic pollution except forgeology body and soil originally constituted. So, the determination of organic matterin the environment has become most important.In recent, phenothiazine pharmaceuticals developed rapidly, but thesepharmaceuticals are of all kinds and complicated structures. The pharmacy sewagefrom manufacturation and storage contaminate water and soil. So, the research onthe method of accurate and rapid analysis of phenothiazine organic matter is vital toprotect environment.Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is attracted much attention. It is a luminescentphenomenon caused by a certain excited potential. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)-dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate (Ru(bpy)32+) is a well-known luminescent reagent.It offers the merits with stability in aqueous solution and reversible excitation property.Ru(bpy)32+ ECL has been developed quickly as an analytical tool and utilized widelyin life sciences, clinic and pharmaceutical fields in recent years. Most studies andapplications of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ ECL are based on oxidative-reduction electrochemi-luminescence mechanism which an electrochemical oxidative coreactant is involvedin the processes. For example, Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ ECL can be used to analyze numerousamine-containing analytes, including primary, secondary and tertiary systems.Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become an important and powerful analyticaltool in liquid separation and detection areas. CE technique has advantages ofminimal sample volume requirement, high separation efficiency and short analysistime. It has been utilized in many areas including life sciences, clinic andpharmaceutical fields. Since a small sample volume is required in CE, it is necessaryto use a sensitive detection method. CE coupled with ECL usingtris-(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)32+] has been studied in recent years. CE-ECLoffers the merits with enhanced sensitivity, improved selectivity, possible micromationand integration and reduced cost.This thesis is concentrated on the application of CE-ECL detection techniqueusing Ru(bpy)32+ for the analysis of phenothiazines pharmaceuticals and thedetection of organic matter in sewage, described as below:1. Dioxopromethazine hydrochloride (DPZ), was detected by CE-ECL usingRu(bpy)32+ reagent. This CE-ECL detection method has high sensitivity, goodselectivity and reproducibility for DPZ analysis. Under the optimized conditions, thedetection limit of DPZ was 5×10-8 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). The CE-ECL method was appliedto analyze DPZ in real samples including tablets and human urine, and satisfactoryresults were obtained without interference from samples matrix. The CE-ECLtechnique was proved to be a potential method for the detection of DPZ in clinicanalysis.2. We applied CE-ECL to take measure of dioxopromethazine hydrochloride inpharmaceutical factory sewage and satisfactory results were obtained withoutinterference from sewage matrix.3. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ),two phenothiazines pharmaceuticals, were determined by the CE-ECL. It was foundthat both CPZ and PMZ can catalyze Ru(bpy)32+ ECL based on their oxidation.Calibration for CPZ was linear over concentration range of 2.0×10-7 to 1.0×10-5 molL-1 with a regression curve of Y = 21.52 + 192.55X (r = 0.9998). In the concentrationrange of 1.7×10-5 to 1.0×10-4 mol L-1 the dependency of ECL intensity on theconcentrations of CPZ was also linear: Y = 2514.50 + 18.4X (r = 0.9912). A linearrange of PMZ from 2.0×10-6 to 5.0×10-5 mol L-1 was obtained with a regressioncurve of Y = 39.79 + 9.24X (r = 0.9969). The results were compared with thoseobtained by other method reported before.4. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, and promethazine hydrochloride anddioxopromethazine hydrochloride can be separated simultaneously without anyadditives. The CE-ECL detection can be used in paharmacentical and urine analysis.It proved that CE-ECL technique could be used for drug monitoring, pharmacokineticor bioavailability studies and other clinical analysis.5. The main advantages of this CE-ECL detection technique for chlorpromazinehydrochloride, and promethazine hydrochloride and dioxopromethazinehydrochloride analysis are the high sensitivity, good selectivity and short analysistime.6.This paper systematicly summarized theory of the dately development ,new separation and analysis system in CE and applications in analysis of food ,drug,biology and environment.7. We draw new direction of development of the system of ECL including ECLsensor and CE-ECL. We also outlook the force, tendency and prospect on the ECL.