| Atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5) comes mainly from coal and oil high temperature combustion process and exhaust emissions from motor vehicles. Currently, as high-polluting chemical enterprises removed to suburban areas and the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles, motor vehicle exhausts has become the key pollutant that affected the urban air quality. PM2.5 is one of the major harmful ingredients in vehicle exhaust pollution. Based on extremely small in size, PM2.5 can enter and deposit into the deep lung tissue, even cross the alveolar interstitial into the blood circulation. PM2.5 has large specific surface areas and adsorb large number of harmful substances, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and pathogenic micro-organisms, so it can cause directly or indirectly damage to the respiratory health. In health assessment of air pollution, PM2.5 is often used as the landmark pollutant. Unfortunately, China has presently not yet developed fine particulate matter air quality standards and urban air quality monitoring system only limited to sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and inhalable particles (PM10), which can not meet to improve urban air quality and protection of human health. Therefore, it has become very necessary and impendency to increase the study of fine particulate matter. So, in this paper, we discussed on public health hazard of PM2.5 in Shanghai city.Based on the fact that fine particulate matter in urban air comes mainly from motor vehicle exhaust, field traffic policemen were recruited as PM2.5 higher exposure group and community residents as PM2.5 common exposure group. The level of PM2.5 exposure for traffic policemen and community residents were continuous 24h monitoring, which was respectively measured in winter and summer. The monitoring result showed that the levels of PM2.5 exposure in traffic policemen were higher than those in community residents, whether winter or summer. For two groups, the levels of PM2.5 exposure were both much higher than WHO and U.S. EPA air quality standards, which revealed that the fine particle pollution in air in Beijing was serious. Next, we carried a detailed inquiry into basic situation and subjective symptoms for traffic policemen and residents. The survey found that the incidence of a variety of symptoms in policemen were higher than those in residents, such as sputum, nasal discomfort, throat discomfort, decreased vision, eye discomfort, irritability and poor sleep etc., which showed that traffic police were in a distinct sub-healthy state, and Multiple organs were affected. In the paper, We focus on the effects of PM2.5 exposure on cardiopulmonary and immunological parameters, included pulmonary function, electrocardiogram, heart rate variability, immune cells and immune globulin, and so on. The findings confirmed that exposure to PM2.5 can lead to health hazards of cardiopulmonary and immune systems, and the extent of the damage was positively correlated with PM2.5 exposure concentration and duration.The research of biomarkers is a hot topic in the field of environmental occupational health, Which is considered as a milestone in the development of environmental medicine. There are three biomarkers, namely exposure, effect and susceptibility biomarkers. Among of them, the effect biomarkers contribute to early detection and diagnosis of the health hazards, take preventive measures as soon as possible. In this study, the effect biomarkers caused by fine particles exposure were discussed. It was found that the parameters such as FVC and FEV1.0, heart rate variability, CC16, CRP, CD4+T, CD8+T, IgM and IgG etc. were closely related to PM2.5 exposure. There was significant difference in above parameters between traffic policemen and residents. As is well known, for the occurrence of health problems, environmental factors and genetic factors were always interaction, can not be separated. Therefore, we explored the genetic factors in the health hazards. In the previous study, we has found that exposure to PM2.5, C57BL/6 mice was prone to lung injury than C3H/He mice, Showed that C57BL/6 mice had high sensitivity to lung injury exposed to PM2.5. In the follow-up gene chip experiment, seven kinds of lung injury susceptibility gene were found out in C57BL/6 mice. At present, genetic study has discovered that 99% of genes in human and mouse were homologous genes. Were there lung injury susceptibility gene in human body? By NCBI database, seven kinds of lung injury susceptibility gene (that was CXCL3, C4, C5, CP, CAP1, MAP2 and NME7) in human body were found, which are homologous genes with mice. Firstly, the seven genes were sequenced. Next, we analyzed sequencing results To clarify the role of these seven genes in human lung injury. In our research, we found that the genetic polymorphism of G2363G in MAP2 gene and A3156G in C5 gene played a role in lung ventilation dysfunction in human body. Further, the interaction between MAP2, C5 gene and PM2.5 exposure in human lung ventilation dysfunction was confirmed.
|
PDF Full Text Request