| Forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii)is first-grade national key protective wildlife.Captive breeding is one of the prominent treasures to protect musk deer resources.High incidence and high mortality have been the bottleneck restriction of the development of musk deer breeding industry.The aim of this research is:to probe into the lethal causes of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer;to establish the normal value range of blood physiological biochemical indexes;to investigate the diagnosis meaning of blood physiological biochemical indexes;to analyze the relationship between mortality of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer and mineral elements in whole blood and clothing fur;and to seek the answer to the high mortality of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer, by analysis of death cases,blood collection and physical examination,and measurement of mineral elements in whole blood and clothing fur.Methods The object animal of study is a population of 25 forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)from a farm for captive breeding forest musk deer in Shanghai,of which the dead individuals within one annual forms the Death Cases. The causes of death for death cases were analyzed by medical history record and investigation,postmortem examination,histopathology microscopic examination. The object population was classified into health group and case group according to the 54 items of blood physiological biochemical indexes obtained through blood collection and physical examination:the survivors after three months were "health group" and those who failed to survive over three months were "case group".The measured value of blood physiological biochemical indexes for health group were taken as physiological normal value and the normal value range was established sexually.Based on the analysis of the change characteristics of blood physiological biochemical indexes for each case,combined with the cause of death.,the diagnosis meaning of blood physiological biochemical indexes was investigated.12 indexes of mineral elements in whole blood and clothing fur were also measured. Comparison between blood physiological biochemical indexes or indexes of mineral elements in health group and case group of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer,and that of clothing fur between health group of Shanghai breeding population and Shanxi breeding population of forest musk deer were made applying non-paired t test.Correlation analysis between indexes of mineral elements in whole blood and that in clothing fur for health group of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer were also made.1,The causes of death of the 12 Moschus berezovskii can be attributed to five respects:2 individuals died of streptococcus acidominimus suppurative disease;5 of infection of flavobacterium(the symptoms are as follows:1 of emphysema;1 of emphysema,acute splenitis and suspect urolithiasis;1 of serous pneumonia; 1 of cardiac muscle dystrophia;and 1 of acute splenitis,respectively);3 of stress (the symptoms are as follows:1 of anaemia;1 of emphysema;and 1 of untypical stress,respectively);1 of secondary infection of unknown bacteria;and 1 of secondary infection of unknown bacteria combined with suppuration).2,The normal value ranges of 54 blood physiological biochemical indexes are as follows:RBC 8.29～13.13(1012个·L-1);HGB 109.20～162.00(g·L-1);HCT 33.22～55.52(%);MCV 38.97～44.19(fl);MCH 10.9～14.54(pg);MCHC 255.55～350.85(g·L-1);RDW 19.81～23.29(%);WBC 0.98～6.46(109个·L-1);LY% 12.65～44.75(%);MO%0.71～12.87(%):NE%35.67～63.55(%):LY# 0.14～2.14(109个·L-1);MO# 0～1.27(109个·L-1);NE# 0.23～2.97(109个·L-1);TP 63.23～99.17(g·L-1);ALB 29.64～45.76(g·L-1);A/G 0.49～1.31;ALB 46.89～63.95(%);α1GLB 2.39～4.79(%);α2 GLB 3.1～7.38(%);βGLB 10.12～22.86(%);γGLB 11.87～26.57(%);ALT 12.6～32.6(U·L-1);AST 158.64～325.56(U·L-1);ALP 41.06～184.14(U·L-1);LDH 632.69～1319.71(U·L-1);CK 117.04～397.36(U·L-1); CK-MB 163.49～419.71(U·L-1);T-BIL 3.44～14.96(μmol·L-1);D-BIL 0.31～4.89 (μmol·L-1);TBA 0.00～8.96(μmol·L-1);PA 1.13～8.47(mg·L-1);TC 1.01～2.73 (mmol·L-1);TG 0.07～0.35(mmol·L-1);HDL-C 0.82～1.80(mmol·L-1);LDL-C 0.12～0.48(mmol·L-1);UREA 5.75～9.67(mmol·L-1);CREA 44.98～115.82 (μmol·L-1);K+ 4.38～6.02(mmol·L-1);Na+ 139.61～156.19(mmol·L-1);CI-95.76～111.24(mmol·L-1);Ca 1.52～2.18(mmol·L-1);P 1.84～3.32(mmol·L-1);MG 0.76～1.38(mmol·L-1);TIBC 41.00～107.80(μmol·L-1);IRON 19.6～50.88(μmol·L-1);GLU 5.36～9.2(mmol·L-1);FT3 3.92～6.58(pmol·L-1);FrT4 6.54～14.38(pmol·L-1);PTH 8.67～59.87(pg·mL-1);CT 0.00～12.21(pg·mL-1); VD326.43～46.97(ng·mL-1)and COR 0.00～0.77(ug·dL).Significant difference could be found for 4 of 54 blood physiological biochemical indexes(including some hormone),i.e.Na+,CI-,FT3 and VD3, between male individuals and female ones.Among these 4 indexes,Na+ for male is extremely significantly higher than that for female;CI-,Ca/P和FT3 for male is significantly higher than that for female;and VD3 for male is significantly lower than that for female.For other 50 indexes,there wasn't significant difference between male individuals and female ones.In this study,the coefficient of variation (CV)of the blood physiological biochemical indexes was comparatively low(for Ca/P the CV was apparently lower than normal,merely 0.72),suggesting better stability.3,Diagnosis meaning of blood physiological biochemical indexes lies in two aspects.First,there seems to be some relationship between the death of Moschus berezovskii and anemia sickness which is probably caused by iron deficiency with a sickness rate of 66.7%.This was reported for the first time.Second,hepatocellular injury may be diagnosed ahead of time.Hepatocellular injury may result from flavobacterium,implicating that there exits comparatively high possibility to pre-estimate flavobacterium infection through blood physiological biochemical indexes measurement,aided by pathogenic microorganism examination.4,For the content of Ca,P,Na,K,Mg,S,Fe,Si,AI,Pb in whole blood,and that of Ca,P,Na,K,Mg,S,Fe,Zn,Si,AI,Pb,B in clothing fur,the difference between health group and case group of Shanghai forest musk deer is not significant.The content of Ca,P,Na,K,Mg,Zn,Si, AI,Pb,B in clothing fur of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer is statistically lower than that of Shanxi breeding population of forest musk deer (extremely significant).The content of S in whole blood of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer is significantly lower than that of Shanxi breeding population of forest musk deer.For the content of P,Fe,AI,Pb,the difference between forest musk deer from these two places is not significant.No evidence can verify that there exists correlativity between mortality rate of Shanghai breeding population of forest musk deer and mineral elements contents in whole blood and clothing fur of Moschus berezovskii.5,The high mortality of forest musk deer results mainly from these four causes: 1)Infection by bacteria.The incidence of infection by bacteria was comparatively high,i.e.9 of 12 were infected by bacteria,producing a infectivity of 75%;2)Stress. Stress can directly lead to death sometimes,and it is also one of the important incentives to infection by bacteria.According to our results,3 cases(with a mortality of 25%)were directly led to by stress,and.7 of 9 cases(77.8%)infected by bacteria were relevant to the inducement of stress.3)Anemia.4 of 6 cases were suffered from anemia,with the incidence rate being 66.7%.4)Imbalance of forage nutrition, e.g.iron deficiency and inappropriate proportion of Ga/P.Iron deficiency probably constitutes the nutritional cause of the high mortality of forest musk deer. |
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