Effect Of Irrigation And Nitrogen Fertilization On Grain Yield And Quality Of Strong-gluten Winter Wheat

1 Regulatory effect of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield and quality of strong gluten winter wheatWhen N fertilizer application amount was 240 kg N /hm2, effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yield and quality of Jimai 20 (a winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten) were studied.1.1 Effects of N fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain yieldGrain yield had no significant difference topdressing N fertilizer at rising and jointing. The grain yield of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing. The grain yield of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis was the lowest. Grain yield was increased by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate at rising and jointing, but grain yield was decreased by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate at flagging and anthesis.1.2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein content and quality at maturity1.2.1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein contentWhen the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% and 70% of total nitrogen application, grain protein content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing was the highest. As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 85% of total nitrogen application, grain protein content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was the highest. Increasing rate of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing at rising and jointing decreased grain protein content, but significantly increased grain protein content topdressing at flagging and anthesis.1.2.2 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on grain protein composition As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% of total nitrogen application, the grain glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis were all significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis was the lowest. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 70% and 85% of total nitrogen application, the glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at all stages had no significant difference.The soluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis were significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was significantly higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis.The content of albumin, globulin and gliadin of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing were decreased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen, but these of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis were increased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen.1.2.3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on the insoluble glutenin composition content and ratioThe HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly higher than these of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and the HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis had no significantly difference with that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging.As increasing topdressing nitrogen rate, the HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin content decreased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, but increased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, the HMW insoluble glutenin content was decreased and insoluble glutenin content had no significantly difference by increasing topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate.The LMW insoluble glutenin content had the same trend with the insoluble glutenin content. The ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin content and insoluble glutenin content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly lower than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging.1.2.4 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on gliadin composition and glutenin subunit The gliadin composition (ω5-gliadin,ω1, 2-gliadin,α-gliadin,γ-gliadin) content changed uniformly. The gliadin composition content decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing, and increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. As the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% of total nitrogen application, the gliadin composition content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing were significantly higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, and flagging, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging were higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 70% and 85% of total nitrogen application, all gliadin composition content increased with the topdressing nitrogen fertilizer stage postponed and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was higher than that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging and anthesis.At the different topdressing nitrogen fertilizer stage, the HMW-GS content was increased by increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer. the HMW-GS content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging was significantly higher than that of topdressing at anthesis. The LMW-GS content had the similar trend with the HMW-GS content.1.2.5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on glutenin macro-polymer volume and surface areaIncreasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer, D(4, 3) was increased as topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and was decreased as topdressing at jointing, flagging and anthesis stage. The D(4, 3) of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing was significantly higher than that of topdressing at rising, flagging, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. The D(3, 2) changed similarly with D(4, 3).1.3 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on dough qualityThe dough stability time was increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and anthesis, and was decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at jointing and flagging.The dough stability time of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were significantly lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 50% and 70% of total nitrogen application, the dough development time of topdressing at rising, flagging and anthesis were significantly shorter than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at flagging was higher than that of topdressing at anthesis. As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was 85% of total nitrogen application, the dough development time of topdressing at flagging was longest.The dough development time was decreased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and jointing and was increased with increasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at flagging and anthesis. The flour wet gluten content changed similarly with the dough development time.1.4 Correlative analysis between protein composition and dough qualityThe content of soluble glutenin, HMW-GS, D(4, 3)and D(3, 2), the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin were all significantly and positively correlated with the dough stability time. The content of grain protein, glutenin, soluble glutenin and gliadin composition were all significantly and positively correlated with the dough development time. 1.5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing stage and ratio of base and topdressing on starch qualityIncreasing the rate of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, the amylose content was increased, and was decreased as topdressing at jointing, flagging and anthesis. At all topdressing stage, the amylopectin content and the starch content was decreased with increasing the rate topdressing nitrogen fertilizer.The starch composition content of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising and flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and that of topdressing at anthesis was significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging.As topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at rising, jointing and flagging, the RVA indexes (peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity) of the 50% topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of total nitrogen application treatment was significantly higher than that of the 70% and 85% topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of total nitrogen application treatment, and RVA indexes between different topdressing nitrogen fertilizer rate treatment at anthesis had no difference.RVA indexes of topdressing at rising and flagging were lower than that of topdressing at jointing, and these of topdressing at anthesis were significantly lower than that of topdressing at flagging. Correlative analysis indicated that both amylopectin content and starch content were significantly and positively correlated with the final viscosity, break down, through viscosity and peak viscosity. The ratio of amylose and amylopectin significantly and negatively correlated with break down.2 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain yield and quality of the strong gluten winter wheat When N fertilizer application amount was 168 kgN/hm2, effects of irrigation frequency on grain yield and quality of three winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten (Jimai 20, Gaocheng 8901, Yannong 15 ) was studied.2.1 Effect of irrigation frequency on grain yieldThe grain yield of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added which ranged from 0 to 2 times, however, it was noted to be decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared with twice irrigation treatment. Grain yield of Yannong 15 increased with the irrigation frequency added.2.2 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain protein compositionThe content of grain protein, gliadin, albumin, globulin and glutenin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with frequency irrigation added, and these of Yannong 15 all decreased with irrigation frequency added. The ratio of glutenin and gliadin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 decreased with irrigation frequency added, and that of Yannong 15 increased with irrigation frequency added in the range of 0~2 times irrigation then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.2.3 Effect of irrigation frequency on the grain insoluble glutenin composition and ratioThe content of insoluble glutenin composition and soluble glutenin composition and the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added. The content of insoluble glutenin composition and soluble glutenin composition of Yannong 15 decreased with irrigation frequency added, but the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin of Yannong 15 increased with irrigation frequency increasing in the range of 0~2 times irrigation and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.2.4 Effect of irrigation frequency on gliadin composition and glutenin subunitThe content of gliadin composition, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS and the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Jimai 20 increased with irrigation frequency added. The content of gliadin composition, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS of Yannong 15 decreased with irrigation frequency added, but the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Yannong 15 had no significantly difference between the irrigation treatments. The content of gliadin, HMW-GS and LMW-GS and the ratio of HMW-GS and LMW-GS of Gaocheng 8901 increased with the irrigation frequency added in the range of 0 to 2 times irrigation, and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.2.5 Effect of irrigation frequency on the glutenin macro-polymer particle size The weighted average volume and the weighted average surface area of GMP of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 were increased with irrigation frequency added, and these of Yannong 15 were decreased with irrigation frequency added.2.6 Effect of irrigation frequency on dough quality and bread qualityThe flour wet gluten, the dough development and stability time, the bread volume and the bread total score of Jimai 20 and Gaocheng 8901 increased with irrigation frequency added. The dough stability time of once irrigation treatment of Yannong 15 was higher than that of twice and thrice irrigation treatments. The bread volume and total score of Yannong 15 increased with the irrigation frequency increasing in the range of 0 to 2 times irrigation, and then decreased in three times irrigation treatment compared with two times irrigation treatment.2.7 Correlative analysis of the protein quality and the dough and bread qualityThe insoluble glutenin content, the HMW insoluble glutenin content and the ratio of HMW insoluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin were significantly and positively correlated with the dough stability time and bread total score. The D(4, 3) and D(3, 2) were significantly and positivly correlated with bread volume.3 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and quality of winter wheatJM20, typical cultivars of winter wheat with strong gluten potential used in local production were chosen in this study. The 15N isotope trace technique was applied in the experiment. The effects of different nitrogen application amount (0~240 kgN/hm2), fertilizer application method, irrigation frequncey, interaction of irrigation and nitrogen on the the grain yield and quality of wheat were studied in the field experiment. Interactive effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen fertilizer recovery and nitrate-N movement across soil profile from anthesis to maturity were also investigated. The main results were as follows:3.1 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield Grain yield had increased with irrigation frequency which ranged from none to twice, however, it was noted to be decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared with twice irrigation treatment. Although grains per ear was increased but 1000-grain weight was significantly decreased in thrice irrigation treatment compared to twice irrigation treatment, leading to yield of thrice irrigation treatment lower to yield of twice irrigation treatment. Grain yield of nitrogen application treatment was significantly higher than that of non-nitrogen treatment, but these of nitrogen application treatment had no significant difference.3.2 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on protein quality The contents of grain protein and monomeric protein in irrigation treatments were significantly lower than these in non-irrigation treatment, but there were no significant differences among irrigation treatments. With the irrigation frequency increase, the changes of glutenin composition were not uniformed, in which soluble glutenin (low molelular weight glutenin) content was increased while insoluble glutenin (high molelular weight glutenin) content and polymerization index (insoluble glutenin/total glutenin) were reduced. In addition, both dough development time and stability time had the same tendency as insoluble glutenin and polymerization index, which suggested retarded formation and accumulation of insoluble glutenin was the major reason of worsen grain quality with added irrigation frequency.Compared with N split application (50% of 168 kgN/hm2 was applied at preplanting and the remainder at jointing), N fertilizer totally top-dressed at jointing led to significantly improved grain quality and similar grain yield. The grain quality of N fertilizer totally top-dressed (168 kg N /hm2) at jointing had no significant difference with the quality of N split application (50% of 240 kgN/hm2 was applied at preplanting and the remainder at jointing). Therefore, it is proposed that N fertilizer can be totally top-dressed at jointing under high yield condition for the sake of high grain yield and excellent quality.3.3 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on starch qualityStarch content and amylopectin content was increased with adding irrigation frequency in non-nitrogen treatment. Under nitrogen treatment, irrigation significant increased starch content and amylopectin content compared to non-irrigation treatment, but there were no significant difference on starch and amylopectin content between irrigation treatments. Amylose content and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin were reduced while RVA indexes (peak viscosity, breakdown) were increased with adding irrigation frequency. Nitrogen application significantly improved amylopectin content and decreased amylose content in lower frequency irrigation (W0 and W1), while amylopectin content was decreased and amylose content was improved by nitrogen application in higher frequency irrigation (W2 and W3). The amylopectin content was significantly and positively correlated with the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback. The amylose content and the ratio of amylose and amylopectin were significantly and negatively correlated with the peak viscosity, breakdown and setback.3.4 Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen fertilizer recovery, productive efficiency of water and nitrogen, nitrate-N movement across soil profileThe N fertilizer recovery rate of non-irrigation treatments was found to be higher than those of irrigation treatments. It was noted that irrigation treatments increased the recovery rate along with increased irrigation frequency. Both N fertilizer residual amount and residual rate in 0~25 cm plough soil layer decreased with increased irrigation frequency, while N fertilizer loss amount and loss rate increased. N recovered by wheat plant, N fertilizer uptake by wheat plant, N fertilizer residual amount in plough soil layer, N fertilizer loss amount as well as loss rate all increased,and N fertilizer recovery rate and soil residual rate both decreased when N fertilizer application amount ranged from 0 to 240 kg/hm2.Water productive efficiency decreased with increased irrigation frequency. N harvest index and N fertilizer productive efficiency all significantly decreased as N fertilizer application increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm2. Irrigation accelerated NO3--N leaching in N fertilizer application treatments (N168, N240). Dimensionally, the leaching of NO3--N happened from upper soil (0~100 cm) to deeper soil (100~200 cm) during anthesis to harvest of wheat croping. Our findings suggested that the irrigation frequency was crucial to influence the residual NO3--N accumulation in 0~100 cm soil profile at harvest. The coupling effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation accessed the process of residual NO3--N accumulation in 100~200 cm soil at harvest while irrigation played greater role in nitrate movement compared with N fertilizer application.