| With the increasing of intensive degree of agriculture,the issues of environmental pollution,food safety,waste and inadequacy of resources brought about by agricultural production have become the focus of people's paying attention.To study and explore efficient,ecological,secure and sustainable developmental agricultural production technology and current model has become an important subject.Integrated Rice-Duck Farming(IRDF) is a environmental,ecological,efficient and complex farming model for integgrated planting rice and raising duck.The promotion and application of IRDF model is of great significance for us to decrese environmental pollution caused by agricultural production,ease the shortage of agricultural resources,improve the quality of agricultural products and achieve the sustainable development of agricultural production.In order to further optimize IRDF system structure,improve IRDF theory and Mode,and to provide theoretical and practical basis for popularization and application of IRDF technology, effects of IRDF on growth of rice and duck,quality of rice and duck meat,and ecological environment of paddy fields were systemiely analyzed in this study.The results of this study were as follows:1.Effects of IRDF on growth of rice and duck,ecological environment of paddy fields.Effects of IRDF on growth of rice and duck,ecological environment of paddy fields were studied via a field experiment.In this experiment there were four treatment groups, a control group and three experimental groups.Each group had 3 replicates and one replicate was a district area of 667 m~2.The control group was farmed in traditional farming way that was sprayed pesticides and was not raised ducks in paddy fields.Three experimental groups were farmed that integrated planting rice and raising ducks in paddy fields that was not spray pesticides,each of the three groups for was 9 ducks,12ducks and 15ducks for 667 m~2 respectively.The results showed as follows:IRDF had reduced the soil bulk density.With the number of ducks raised in paddy field was increased,soil bulk density was reduced,15 ducks / 667 m~2 was the best mode among modes of 9 ducks/667 m~2,12 ducks/667 m~2 and 15 ducks/667m~2.IRDF increased the Soil total porosity and non-capillary porosity.12 ducks / 667 m~2 had the best effect duing three feeding duck mode.IRDF had little effect on pH of soil.IRDF could reduce the decline rate of organic matter and nutrients in soil.Mode of 15 ducks / 667 m~2 had the best effect during three feeding duck mode.IRDF with suitable density of ducks in paddy fields could increase the rice yield.Mode of 12 ducks / 667 m~2 had the best effect during three feeding duck mode and it's rice yield was increased by 4.3%.IRDF improved the N, P,K content of rice,but it had not significantly difference(P＞0.05);It improved the N,P, K content in the plants and had significantly difference about N,K content of plants (P＜0.05).Mode of 15 ducks / 667 m~2 had the best effect during three feeding duck modes. IRDF had a good effect on controling pest.Compared with the control group,9 ducks / 667 m~2,the numbers of rice planthoppers of 12 ducks/667 m~2 and 15 ducks / 667 m~2 groups were decreased by 54.4%,65.2%and 72.5%respectively;the numbers of cnephalocrocis larvae decreased by 34.0%,56.7%and 64.9%;and the numbers of chilo suppressalis against litter heart rate were decreased by 34.6%,59.6%and 65.4%.The effect of controling pest was got better while number of ducks was increased.15 ducks / 667 m~2 had the best effect of pest control during 3 feeding duck mode.IRDF had a good effect on controling weed.Compared with the control group,the incidence of weeds were reduced by85.06%,86.2%and 91.95%respectively.15 ducks / 667 m~2 had the best effect of weed control during 3 feeding duck mode.The ADG of ducks of experiment groups had differences.With the ducks was increased,the ADG of was significantly reduced (P＜0.05);With the number of ducks was increased,the F/G was increased,but it had no significant differences(P＞0.05).The slaughter of ducks of experiment groups had differences.With the number of ducks was increased,the slaughter rate,breast rate and leg muscle rate were lower,Slaughter rate and leg muscle rate reached significantly level (P＜0.05),semi-eviscerated rate and eviscerated rate of different treatment groups had no significant difference(P＞0.05).IRDF improved economic benefit.Compared with the control group,the benefits of 9 ducks / 667 m~2 model,12 ducks/667 m~2model,15 ducks / 667 m~2 mode were increased by3148.9￥/hm~2,3935￥/hm~2,2964.8￥/hm~2 respectively, the mode of 12 ducks/667m~2 had the best economic benefit.IRDF improved the ecological environment of paddy fields,promoted the growth of rice,increased the Comprehensive efficiency of the ecosystem.The mode of 15 ducks / 667 m~2 was the best one in the ecological efficiency of paddy fields,and the mode of 12 ducks / 667 m~2 was the best one in the economic benefits of agricultural production.2 The effects of IRDF on yield and nutritional quality of riceThe effects of IRDF on yield and nutritional quality of rice were studied via a field experiment.There were two treatments groups,a control group and a experiment group. Each treatment group had 3 replicates and each replicate with area of 667 m~2,The control group was farmed in traditional farming way that was sprayed pesticides and was not raised ducks in paddy fields.The experimental group was farmed that integrated planting rice and raising ducks in paddy fields that was not spray pesticides,each replicate had 12ducks.The results showed that:IRDF effected on many factors of rice yield,the value of Peak seedlings,panicles, Setting panicles rate,Filled grains,Ripened rate,1000-grain weight were increased by 1.43%,3.80%,2.27%,6.82%,1.57%,1.15%respectively;Theory yield and practical yield of rice were increased by 12.48%and 13.02%,but it had no significantly difference (P＞0.05)IRDF haD a slightly improve the trait of processing,nutrition,cooking and appearance quality of rice.The rate of Brown rice,Milled rice,Head rice were increased by 2.7%,1.54%and 2.67%;protein content was increased by 12.40%;Amylose content was decreased by 6.62%;ASV(Alkali spreading value) was decreased 7.0%;Gel consistency was increased 11.46%;chalkiness was decreased by 7.6%,But there were not significant difference(P＞0.05).IRDF effected on total quantity and composition of amino acids of rice.The quantity of T-AA(total amino acids) and EAA(essential amino acids) of rice were increased by 1.57%and 0.98%,but there was not significant difference(P＞0.05). The seven essential amino acids of Human needs,threonine,Valine,Met,isoleucine,leucine were increased by 4.26%,0.90%,2.80%,3.21%and 0.47%respectively,but there was not significant difference(P＞0.05);Phenylalanine and lysine were slightly decline,decreased by 0.58%and 0.43%respectively,there was not significant difference(P＞0.05).IRDF reduced the content of Cd of rice by 18.78%,but there was not significant difference(P＞0.05);IRDF didn't affect the content of Pb of rice.3.The effects of IRDF on growth performance and meat quality of ducksEffects of IRDF on growth performance and meat quality of ducks were studied via a field experiment.One hundred and sixty-eight 21-day-old male Jin-ding ducks were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates.Control group was fed on ground and 20 birds each replicate,fed with complete feed.Experimental group 1 to 3 were integrated rice-duck farming groups,fed in paddy and each group had 3 replicates(667m~2 as a unit) and each repetition included 12 ducks.Experimental group 1 was fed with complete feed and the diet weight was that of 80%of control group.Experimental group 2 was also fed with complete feed and the diet weight was that of 60%of control group. Experimental group 3 was fed with paddy and the diet weight was that of 60%of control group.The experimental period was 42 days.The results were as follows:Compared to the control group,ADG of experimental group significantly decreased (P＜0.01),but the F/G of experimental group was decreased(p＜0.05).The best group was the experimental group 2 feed with 60%complete feed,the F/G of experimental group was decreased by 26.69%.Compared with the control group,the slaughter rates of experimental groups were little change,the breast muscle rates of experimental groups were decreased by 18.15%,27.4%,33.56%respectively(P＜0.05) and the semieviscerated rate and eviscerated rate were decreased(P＞0.05),the leg muscle rates of experimental groups were increased uptrends by 6.12%,6.83%,1.12%respectively. Compared with the control group,the moisture,protein content of muscle of experimental groups was not change significantly,but the fat content of muscle was decreased (P＜0.05).The cooked rate of breast muscle increase and the moisture loss rate were decreased(P＞0.05);The cooked rate and moisture loss rate of leg muscle were not changed significantly.The color score of breast muscle was improved and that of leg muscle was little change.The fiber diameter of breast muscle was thirmer(P＜0.01),and fiber density was larger(P＜0.01);and the fiber diameter of leg muscle was thicker (P＜0.01),and fiber density was smaller(P＜0.01).IRDF have the trend to increase total amino acids,essential amino acids and Umami amino acid content of breast.But amino acids content of leg muscle didn't have significant difference.IRDF had a certain effect on Blood Urea Nitrogen blood(BUN),Total Peitein(TP),Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(LDL-C) and Triglyceride(TG) in serum of ducks,the effects of IRDF accelerated the speed of the duck in protein synthesis and catabolism.IRDF had a certain impact on duck tibia characters,the tibia length was significantly reduced(P＜0.05).Ash, calcium and phosphorus content of tibia were increased.IRDF had a certain influence on the development of immune organs in ducks,spleen index,thymus index,the index of immune organs,red pulp of the spleen,thymus lobular number,lobular medulla thickness and thymus body short track were significantly reduced(P＜0.05).IRDF reduced the feed input,but its development of immune organ was delay.IRDF had significantly effect to increase the muscular stomach and jejunum indexes of ducks(P＜0.05),the total peptic index was increased,the length of intestines had the trend to increase(P＞0.05).IRDF had increased the number of E.coli in the cecum,and the lower trend of the number Bifid bacteria and Lactobacillus.IRDF changed the microorganism balance in duck intestines forward the microorganism balance ducks were living well in paddy field environment. IRDF significantly improved economic efficiency,the ratio of production of experimental groups were increased by 16.67%,27.08%and 17.19%respectively,and that of experimental group 2 got the best economic benefits.IRDF could save agricultural resources,reduce the environment pollution of rice production,promote the growth of rice and duck,improve the quality of rice and duck products and ensure food security,It has a good ecological,economic and social benefits. From the economic point of view,the IRDF model with 60%of complete feed supplemented and 12 ducks / 667 m~2 is the best one.
|
PDF Full Text Request