Genetic Diversity Of Sable And Phylogenetic Studies Of Martens

Sable is the rare animal with fur,and was under I rank protection in China.People prey upon them largely for the high economic value.Because of people's economic activity increased largely,the environment of sable's habitats was destroyed and presented speckle appearance,so the wild sable has been in severe danger.Sable mainly distributed in Eurasia, The south finitude of its distributing is northeast and Altai of Sinkiang in our country.Northern Europe which located in the west finitude of sable's distributing,also has a sable population. China and northern Europe are borders of the distribution of Sable.So the study for the genetic frame and diversity information of sable will redound to discuss the sable's species origin and evolvement.Yellow-throated Marten which is an exist species and different from other species martes in distributing.It only distributed India.Ney,there are other differences in shape and fossil.Because of these remarkable differences,there are always dissension in classifying status and origin of Yellow-throated Marten.Whereas the actuality,based on the determining for the mtDNA control region sequences of the only sable population in captivity and the mitochondrial genome sequences of Sable and Yellow-throated Marten,and the sequence data of sibling species from GenBank,the author studied the genetic diversity and population differentiation of the sable in captivity,the structure of mtDNA control region sequences of weasel,the mitochondrial genetic structure and the origin and evolvement of sable and Yellow-throated Marten.So,we can got these conclusion:1,there are 18 sable population which were in captivity in JinZhou of Dalian contain 7 haplotype.The legitimacy of assoeted system for subspecies which was plotted out by morphologic was validated with molecular biology method,namely,haplotypeM3,M5 are M.Z.hamgyenensis,haplotypeM1,M2,M4 and M7 are M.Z.princeps,haplotype M6 is M.Z.averini;Presently,there was higher level in the genetic diversity of the captived sable in JinZhou(Pi=3.94%),but the mean level of genetic diversity for every subspecies is lower in nature.Relevant protection measures were put forward for sable in the article.Based on the analysis for the gene flow between the four subspecies and the evolvement history,we know that the gene flow among the M.Z.princeps and M.Z.hamgyenensis has the highest level(Nm= 0.1427),the one between M.Z.averini and M.Z.hamgyenensis has the lowest level(Nm=0.0053).The sable population expanded in the evolution progress and the number increased.2,Based on analyzing the mitochondrial genome structure of sable and Yellow-throated Marten,we can find that the span of two animals were 16 523bp and 16549bp respectively. They all contain 13 protein coding gene,2 rRNA gene,22 tRNA gene and 1 D-Loop.The base composition for the four nucleotides is A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,And it is A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%for Yellow-throated Marten.But there are some definite differences in base composition,the using of Initiation codon and Stop codon,and the mode of repeat sequences in control region.The codon usages of Manes have bias,and the ttiird locations of codon of protein-coding genes have the higher frequency in using A and C.There may be some relativity with the content of A and C in D-loop,namely,it has relation with the mode of repeat sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sable and Yellow-throated Marten were submitted to GenBank,and the accession number are FJ429093 and FJ719367 respectively.3,The complete mitochondrial genome of 6 other species of Mustelidae from GenBank and some sequences of D-loop from the 6 species were aligned.With tiger and Eurasian badger as the outgroup,the phylogenetic relationship of Mustelidae and Martes was analyzed using the maximum parsimony method.The results showed that 7 species of Mustelidae were divided into 3 branches,they were Lutrinae and Mephitinae,Japanese marten and Wolverine,sable and Eurasian badger.This situation also indicated that Mustelidae was not a monophly,Sable which has nearer relationship with Melinae of Mustelidae also has the closest relationship with American Marten and Stone Marten of Martes.Based on the 12 H-strand protein genes sequences of mtDNA of Mustelinae and the mitochondrial ND2 and cytb sequences of Stone marten and Fisher marten,with the wolf,Eurasian badger and European river otter as the outgroup,the phylogenetic relationship of Martes and Wolverine was analyzed respectively using NJ,MP and ML methods.The results showed that sable has the nearer relationship with Japanese marten than American marten.Stone marten and the boreal forest martens have near relationship.Yellow-throated marten's relationship is between Stone marten and Fisher marten.Fisher marten is the first species who was divided from Martes.The second one were Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten.Based on the analysis of the fossil note,Martes came from Central Europe,Fisher marten,Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten belonged to a branch which evolved to temperate zone.Boreal forest martens was another branch which evolved to cold environment.It is suggested that Yellow-throated marten and Fisher martenwere ascertained genus separately.4,By contrasting and analyzing 11 complete mitochondrial control region gene sequences of Mustelidae,the extended termination associated sequence domain(ETAS),the central domain(CD) and the conserved sequence block domain(CSB) were identified.A extended termination associated sequence(ETAS1) and eight conserved sequence(CSB-F,E,D,C,B,1,2,3) was indicated,and sequence mode was presented.Different kind of short repeat sequences were found between CSB1 and CSB2.With wolf as the outgroup,the phylogenetic evolution relationship of Mustelidae was analyzed using the neighbor-joining(NJ) method.The results showed that Mephitinae was divided from Mustelidae firstly,and then the remain were divided into two branches.Martes species and Wolverine were contained in one branch which was formed a sister group with Eurasian badger of Melinae;Lutrinae species and Polecat of Mustelidae formed a sister group,and Marbled polecat was sister to the clade of Lutrinae species and Polecat.They formed another branch.Eurasian badger has the closest relationship with the Sable of Martes,and Lutrinae has the closest relationship with Mustelidae.