| Based on permanent sample plots, we investigated 498 stands community traits in ecological service forest (ESF) of Zhejiang province, covering 101 800 km2, in China's eastern subtropical zone. We estimated and analyzed population niche, plant diversity, biomass, carbon storage, community composition and interrelation at large scale, including main forest types of ESF: evergreen broadleaved forest, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest, pine (Pinus massoniana) forest, bamboo forest and shrub. Through revealing the main characteristics of community structure and dynamics rules, we can provide a theoretical basis for scientifically constructing high-performance ESF. These research results show that:(1) Evergreen broad-leaved forest has the most species numbers at every layer in ESF of Zhejiang Province. There are 52 familys 103 genus 183 species in tree layer, 59 familys 125 genus 198 species in understory layer, and 36 familys 56 genus 59 species in herb layer respectively. Shrub forest has the lowest species numbers at tree layer, while bamboo forest has the lowest at understory layer and pine forest having the lowest at herb layer. Pine forest, Chinese fir forest, bamboo forest were cluster distribution at larger scale, main tree species of evergreen broadleaved forest and shrub were randomly distributed, many tree species of mixed forest were cluster distributed.(2) Community diversity index increased with increasing altitude, tree species diversity index increased then decreased with altitude. Species richness, Simpson ecological dominance index, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index have same performance (understory layer>tree layer>herb layer) for evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, which are understory layer>herb layer>tree layer for pine forest and understory layer>herb layer>tree layer for Chinese fir forest. Evergreen broadleaved forest and coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest have higher tree layer diversity index than other forest types. Evergreen broad-leaved forest has much higher species richness, heterogeneity and evenness index than coniferous forests, while coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest having higest species richness. Number of species in tree layer increased with age, and other indices increased then decreased. Plant species diversity index of the richness, Simpson index, evenness index most closely related with Shannon-Wiener index.(3) Biomass for evergreen broadleaved forest in ESF of Zhejiang Province grew fast early, then increased less late. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest has much higher biomass. Biomass for young, middle-age near-mature and mature age class of mixed forests were 65.02t/hm~2, 103.31t/hm~2, 124.89 t/hm~2 and 170.78t/hm~2, respectively. Contrastingly, Pine forest, Chinese fir forest and bamboo forest have lower biomass. Tree layer biomass increased with age, and understory layer biomass and its proportion were decreasing with age. Tree layer biomass accounted for over 70% of total biomass, 92.16% for bamboo forest, 83.94% for evergreen broadleaved forest, 82.17% for Chinese fir forest, 77.44% for pine forest and 74.15% for mixed forest. Biomass for understory is the main contributor (74.09%) to the total biomass of shrub forest, and also main contributor to young age of evergreen broadleaved forest and mixed forest. Herb layer biomass accounted for smallest proportion, less than 5%. Aboveground biomass of tree layer accounted for about 70-80% of biomass, while underground biomass for 20-30%. Bamboo has highest proportion (80.53%) for aboveground biomass and evergreen broadleaved forest has highest proportion (27.21%) for underground biomass. They both have most balance structure, and Chinese fir forest and mixed forest next. Bamboo forest has most unbalance structure.(4) Evergreen broad-leaved forest and Chinese fir tree layer biomass composition of various organs in different age structure are stable. Evergreen broad-leaved forest has 50% biomass of composition for trunk, 10-15% for branch, 5-10% for leaf, 25-30% for roots. Chinese fir forest has 50-55% biomass of composition for trunk, 25% for roots, 20-25% branch and leaf. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest and pine forest showed same changes in the composition of the structure of different age class, biological organs biomass both are increased with age, but with different growth rate. Coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest has 60% biomass of composition for trunk, 20% for root, around 20% for branch and leaf. Bamboo forest has high proportion (66.62%) for trunk and low for roots (19.47%), branch (9.13%) and leaf (4.78%).(5) Annual litter production for evergreen broadleaved forest was 4015.33 kg/hm~2·a, for coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was 3702.21 kg/hm~2·a, for pine forest was 2441.52 kg/hm~2·a, for Chinese fir forest was 2012.82 kg/hm~2·a, for bamboo forest was 2047.73 kg/hm~2·a, and for shrub forest was 1230.76 kg/hm~2·a. Leaf litter is the most important composition (85.43%) of the total litter, which account for the highest (96.04%) of bamboo litter production. Branch litter accounted for 7.31% average, which account for the highest of evergreen broadleaved forest and Chinese fir forest. Litter of fruit, bark and debris are less than 5%. Community litter production was young |
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