Study On Ecosystem Management Of Broad-leaved Korean Pine Forest In Changbai Mountain

Ecosystem management is originated in the traditional forestry resources management.Since the early 20th century,with the rapid development of ecology and the people's deeper understanding of environmental damage and resource utilization,the ecosystem management gradually formed.Forestry ecosystem management is the main line of development of the 21^st century forestry and the core of forest management,also the most important direction of every nation's forestry sustainable development.Implementing the forest ecosystem management is of great significance for alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand,preventing soil degradation,diseases and insect pests' occurrence,as well as improving the ecological environment and realizing the sustainable development of China's forestry.In this paper,the theoretical framework,content,methods and way of the forest ecosystems management were studied comprehensively and deeply.Taking Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as an example,some related researches about species diversity and stand structure of forests in Changbai Mountain were done.Our results indicate that species diversity and Stand structure's various parameters are good at instructing the forest ecosystems management and providing the foundation of adjusting the stand structure.Some assessment about its services value was also done.The studies show that Changbai Mountain nature reserve contains enormous ecosystem services value,so people should put more emphasis on protecting and developing the nature resource reasonably.At the same time,on the basis of the above mentioned study,the strategy of ecosystem management in Changbai Mountain natural Forest was put forward.The main contents and conclusions of the paper are as follows:1.There are some studies on 4 plots of the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest and broad-leaved Korean pine forest's trees,shrubs and herbaceous species diversity through the important value,Gleason's index,Simpson index and Shannon index.The results showed that in the tree layer,the species richness of interfered communities are 2 times of the top community comprised by broad-leaved Korean pine forest.The three diversity indices are basically the same as changing trends,falling gradually from secondary poplar-brich forest to poplar-brich tilia forest to Mongolia tilia forest,finally to broad-leaved Korean pine forest.In the shrub layer,each diversity index of the secondary poplar-brich forest was higher than the ones of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest.Because the shrub distribution is more uniform in the secondary poplar-brich forest, correspondingly,Pielou index is higher.In the herb layer,Shannon index and Simpson index of the poplar-brich tilia forest were the highest;the richness and abundance of species in the secondary poplar-brich forest is the highest,which is respectively about 2 times and 8 times of broad-leaved Korean pine forest.2.By choosing the 3 parameters of neighborhood pattern,mingling and neighborhood comparison, the stand spatial structure of the Changbai Mountain natural forests was studied.The neighborhood pattern showed that:the secondary poplar-brich forests,poplar-brich tilia forest,Mongolia tilia forest, and the broad-leaved Korean pine forest are all aggregated distribution,which may be closely related to the aggregated distribution of many species,and environmental heterogeneity.The mingling analysis indicated that:the secondary poplar-brich forest,poplar-brich tilia forest, Mongolia tilia forest,as well as the broad-leaved Korean pine are above the moderate mixed levels,and have not yet reached the level of intensity mixed.Within the community,the mixed degree of the upper layer is high and the one of the undergrowth layer is low;the mixed degree of the sexual reproduction trees is highest and the one of sprouting reproduction is lowest,the mixed degree of trees with both reproduction ways was middle.In the secondary forest,the mixed degree of the pioneer species is high, the one of the dominant species of the future top communities is totally low;in the original forest,and the mixed degree of the dominant species of the upper canopy is higher.Neighborhood comparison indicated that:within the community,the upper tree is dominated at the growth and the lower tree is in a pressurized state;heliophilous trees are dominant at the growth and shade tolerance trees are in a pressurized state;in the early secondary succession stage,the pioneer tree species are dominant at the growth and the dominant species of the future top communities are temporarily in a pressurized state;in the middle secondary succession stage,such as,Mongolia tilia forest and poplar-birch tilia forest,the heliophilous species and the dominant species of the future top communities are both superiors;in the top community,the pioneer species are eliminated and the dominant species are dominate absolutely at the growth.The above analysis indicate that:there are large differences in the species diversity and spatial pattern of the various secondary forests and the original forest in Changbai Mountain,it is urgently needed to promote the secondary.forest to the original forest by optimizing the spatial structure and the forest ecosystems management.In the forest management process of optimizing the spatial structure,in order to further optimize the stand spatial structure,when adjusting the size ration of the species,the biological and ecological characteristics of the species should be considered,as the basis to the spatial structure of the original forest,comparing the mixed degree,the neighborhood pattern,and the neighborhood comparison between the secondary forest and the original forest and then develop the corresponding adjust planning of the secondary forest spatial structure in order to promote the secondary forest to the original forest.3.A comprehensive assessment on services value provided by Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve ecosystem was done from three aspects:the direct value,the indirect value and the non-use value.The results showed that the service value of the protected areas is 12,348,869,100 Yuan per year.There are some uncontrollable factors,such as,prices,economic development and ignoring the animals and microbiology while considering the biological categories of animals so the assessment is still conservative.4.The cutting limit of Baihe Forestry Bureau was studied through the Canadian forest ecosystems dynamic simulation software(FSOS).The results indicated that,in Bathe Forestry classification management program,200,000 m³/a are sustainable by selective cutting to make the limit deforestation and commercial forest's harvesting moderate and reasonable.According to Canadian Forest Ecosystem Planning Method,it is suggested that the best management plan of Baihe Forestry Bureau:the buffer zone on both of the stream and the road should be prohibited to log and adopt the selective cutting methods whiling considering the catchment areas, landscape tourist areas and animal areas' demands of young growth rate.According to the management program,felling quantity of 220,000 m³/a in the last 20 years will gradually increased to 260,000 m³/a, and from 2056 to 2400,it can keep 260,000 m³/a.The proportion of mature forest and over-mature forest will increase from 10%to 30%.Forest reserves increases from the current 30 million m³ to 36.5 million m³.5.The forest management on the basis of ecosystem management is different from the traditional forest management in the core theory,management objectives,management targets and action.Putting the management technology based on the ecosystem management into broad-leaved Korean pine forest, which can make coordinated development between ecological benefits and economic benefits.Compared with the traditional forest management methods,the one based ecosystem management can increase forest soil moisture content and litter input,improve soil nutrient;its accumulation in growth per unit area are respectively 1.17,1.20 and 1.49 times of selective cutting,tending and undisturbed.The forest ecosystem management can effectively avoid the soil erosion,soil degradation and biodiversity reduction;it is also good at maintaining land capability and achieving the sustainable forest management.Implementing the ecosystem management would save silviculture mining production costs 280-560 million for Baihe Forestry every year.6.Under the guidance of the ecosystem management thought and theory,according to the actual situation of Changbai Mountains,the premise and countermeasures of the Changbai Mountain natural forest ecosystem management are proposed:All management activities must be consistent with the country's relevant laws and regulations and the department or local's relevant stipulations;the operators must define the respective responsibilities,activities border and the limit of the development and utilization.It covers specifically the four main categories of measures,administration law,economics, and sociology and business technology.