| The critical swimming speed, tail-flip speed, swimming endurance, the physiological response after swimming fatigue and the effects of temperature, salinity and body length on the critical swimming speed of Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus were studied. Results could be helpful in evaluating the behaviour, ecological processes and improving capture and stock enhancement of penaeid shrimp. The primary results were as follows:1. Critical swimming speed, tail-flip speed and physiological response to exercise fatigue in Litopenaeus vannameiCritical swimming speed and tail-flip speed of Litopenaeus vannamei (6.87±0.42 cm,body length, 3.34±0.59 g, body mass) were determined at 24.8±0.3℃. The metabolite concentrations in hemolymph were determined before exercise and immediately after exercise fatigue to evaluate physiological effect of exercise in L. vannamei. Pleopods beat frequency of L. vannamei increased as swimming speed increased. The relationship between pleopods beat frequency (f, Hz) and swimming speed (v, cm s-1) could be described by linear model as: f = 0.0496v +4.2995, R2 = 0.96 (P < 0.01). The average critical swimming speed of L. vannamei was found to be 35.67±0.62 cm s-1 (5.02±0.09 BL s-1) and the average tail-flip speed was found to be 106.51±6.08 cm s-1 (15.74±0.96 BL s-1). The plasma glucose and lactate concentrations of L. vannamei increased significantly after exercise fatigue. The exercise fatigue of L. vannamei might be due to the accumulation of lactate in the hemolymph. Results could be helpful in evaluating the burst swimming and the mechanism of energy transform in L. vannamei. 2. Critical swimming speed, tail-flip speed and physiological response to exercise fatigue in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicusCritical swimming speed (Ucrit) and tail-flip speed of kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus (9.92±0.60 cm, body length, 10.18±1.89 g, body mass) were determined at 25-26℃. Metabolite concentrations in hemolymph, pleopods and abdominal muscles, and hepatopancreas were measured before exercise and immediately after exercise fatigue to evaluate physiological effect of exercise in M. japonicus. Ucrit and tail-flip speed of M. japonicus were found to be 32.87±0.53 cm s-1 (3.30±0.08 BL s-1) and 151.49±6.92 cm s-1 (15.38±0.65 BL s-1), respectively. Pleopods beat frequency of M. japonicus increased as swimming speed increased from 23.0 to 38.6 cm s-1. The relationship between pleopods beat frequency (f, Hz) and swimming speed (v, cm s-1) could be described by linear model as: f = 0.0773v + 2.608, R2 = 0.94 (P < 0.01). Exercise to fatigue led to severe loss of glycogen concentrations of hepatopancreas and muscle in M. japonicus, whereas the plasma lactate concentration increased significantly. The plasma glucose and lactate concentrations of M. japonicus after tail-flip fatigue were significantly higher than that after swimming fatigue. The results in the present study indicated that exercise fatigue of M. japonicus might be due to the accumulation of lactate in the hemolymph. Results could be helpful in evaluating the burst swimming and the mechanism of energy transform in M. japonicus.3. Critical swimming speed, tail-flip speed and physiological response to exercise fatigue in Fenneropenaeus ChinensisCritical swimming speed and tail-flip speed of Fenneropenaeus Chinensis (13.15±0.88 cm,body length, 23.96±5.11 g, body mass) were determined at 24.8±0.4℃. The metabolite concentrations in hemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle were determined before exercise and immediately after exercise fatigue to evaluate physiological effect of exercise in F. Chinensis. Pleopods beat frequency of F. Chinensis increased as swimming speed increased. The relationship between pleopods beat frequency (f, Hz) and swimming speed (v, cm s-1) could be described by linear model as: f = 0.0194v + 3.757,R2 = 0.99 (P < 0.01). The average critical swimming speed of F. Chinensis was found to be 30.42±0.91cm s-1 (2.31±0.08 BL s-1)and the average tail-flip speed was found to be 109.83±4.99 cm s-1 ( 8.46±0.38 BL s-1). The hepatopancreas glycogen concentration of F. Chinensis decreased significantly after exercise fatigue. The plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly after swimming fatigue and the plasma lactate concentration increased significantly after tail-flip fatigue. The tail-flip fatigue of F. Chinensis might be due to the accumulation of lactate in the hemolymph. Results could be helpful in evaluating the burst swimming and the mechanism of energy transform in F. Chinensis.4. Swimming endurance and physiological response to swimming fatigue in Litopenaeus vannameiThe swimming endurance at five swimming speeds (26.7, 31.0, 34.6, 38.6 and 40.8 cm s-1) of Litopenaeus vannamei (6.87±0.42 cm, body length, 3.34±0.59 g, body mass) were determined at 24.8±0.3℃. The metabolite concentrations in hemolymph, hepatopancreas and pleopods muscle were determined before swimming and immediately after swimming fatigue to evaluate physiological effect of swimming in L. vannamei. Swimming endurance of L. vannamei decreased as swimming speed increased. The relationship between swimming endurance (t, s) and swimming speed (v, cm s-1) could be described by the logarithmic model as: t = -14112Ln (v) + 52460, R2 = 0.99 (P < 0.01). The swimming ability index (SAI), defined as SAI =∫72000 vdt was found to be 16.49 cm. The plasma glucose and lactate concentrations of L. vannamei increased significantly after swimming fatigue. The swimming fatigue of L. vannamei might be due to the accumulation of lactate in the hemolymph. Results could be helpful in evaluating the swimming endurance and the mechanism of energy transform in L. vannamei.5. Swimming endurance and physiological response to swimming fatigue in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus The swimming endurance of kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus (10.25±0.74 cm, body length, 11.04±2.43 g, body mass) at five swimming speeds (23.0, 26.7, 31.0, 34.6 and 38.6 cm s-1) was determined in a circulating tank at 25.7±0.7℃. The metabolite concentrations in hemolymph, hepatopancreas and pleopods muscle were determined before exercise and immediately after exercise fatigue to evaluate physiological effect of swimming. Swimming endurance of M. japonicus decreased as swimming speed increased. The relationship between swimming endurance (t, s) and swimming speed (v, cm s-1) could be described by the logarithmic model as: t = -6881Ln (v) + 26090, R2 = 0.97 (P < 0.01). The swimming ability index (SAI), defined as SAI =∫72000 vdt was found to be 28.84 cm. Metabolic rates of plasma glucose (Mpg,μmol ml-1 s-1) and pleopods muscle glycogen (Mmg, mg g-1 s-1) during swimming to fatigue increased as swimming speed increased. The relationship between Mpg or Mmg and swimming speed (v, cm s-1) could be described by the exponential model as: Mpg = 3E-06e0.140v, R2 = 0.98 (P<0.01) or Mmg = 4E-06e0.137v, R2 = 0.95 (P<0.01), respectively. Swimming to fatigue led to severe loss of plasma glucose and hepatopancreas glycogen concentrations (P<0.05). Plasma glucose and pleopods muscle glycogen might be used as energy source during swimming. Results could be helpful in evaluating the swimming endurance and the mechanism of energy transform in M. japonicus.6. The effects of temperature, salinity, body length and starvation on the critical swimming speed of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannameiThe critical swimming speed of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was determined in a flume tank under different temperature (17, 20, 25, 29℃), salinity (20, 25, 30, 35, 40), body length (5.5, 6.6, 7.3, 9.4, 10.0 cm) and starvation days (1, 4, 8 d). Temperature, salinity, body length and starvation days had significant effects on the critical swimming speed of L. vannamei. The critical swimming speed (Ucirt, cm s-1) and relative critical swimming speed (Ucrit', BL s-1) of L. vannamei increased as temperature (t,℃) increased. The relationship between temperature and Ucirt or Ucrit' could be described by linear model (Ucirt = 1.5916t + 0.8892,R2 = 0.9992,P<0.01; Ucrit'= 0.1524t + 0.2676,R2 = 0.9998,P<0.01). Ucirt and Ucrit'first increased and then decreased as salinity (s) increased. The relationship between salinity and Ucirt; Ucrit'could be described by quadratic model (Ucirt = -0.0171s2 + 1.2371s +20.497,R2 = 0.7667,P=0.234; Ucrit'= -0.0027s2 + 0.1824s +1.236, R2 = 0.7405,P=0.262). Ucirt and Ucrit'decreased as starvation days (d, d) increased. The relationship between starvation days and Ucirt or Ucrit'could be described by quadratic model (Ucirt = -0.1262d2 - 0.0395d + 40.979,R2 = 1;Ucrit'= -0.0159d2 + 0.0242d + 4.0709,R2 = 1). Ucirt increased and Ucrit'decreased as body length (l,cm) increased. The relationship between body length and Ucirt or Ucrit'could be described by quadratic model (Ucirt = -0.6233l2 + 12.302l - 20.264,R2 = 0.9942,P<0.01; Ucrit'= -0.0514l2 + 0.5351l + 3.8132,R2 = 0.9862,P<0.05). The maximum critical swimming speed of L. vannamei was achieved at temperature 29℃, salinity 36.17 and body length 9.87 cm, respectively.7. The effects of temperature, salinity and body length on the critical swimming speed of kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicusThe critical swimming speed of kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus was determined in a flume tank under different temperature (17, 20, 25, 28℃), salinity (20, 25, 30, 35, 40) and body length (6.80,7.82,9.51,10.48 cm). Temperature, salinity and body length had significant effects on the critical swimming speed of M. japonicus. The critical swimming speed (Ucirt, cm s-1) and relative critical swimming speed (Ucrit', BL s-1) of M. japonicus first increased and then decreased as temperature (t,℃) increased. The relationship between temperature and Ucirt or Ucrit'could be described by quadratic model (Ucirt = -0.1753t2 + 8.4444t - 66.521,R2 = 0.98和Ucrit'= -0.0275t2 + 1.3073t - 10.737,R2 = 0.97). Ucirt and Ucrit'first increased and then decreased as salinity (s) increased. The relationship between salinity and Ucirt; Ucrit'could be described by quadratic model (Ucirt = -0.0632s2 + 3.9363s - 24.963,R2 = 0.83和Ucrit'= -0.0064s2 + 0.403s - 1.4971,R2 = 0.79). Ucirt and Ucrit'decreased as starvation days (d, d) increased. The relationship between starvation days and Ucirt or Ucrit'could be described by quadratic model (Ucirt = -0.1262d2 - 0.0395d + 40.979,R2 = 1;Ucrit'= -0.0159d2 + 0.0242d + 4.0709,R2 = 1). Ucirt increased and Ucrit'decreased as body length (l,cm) increased. The relationship between body length and Ucirt or Ucrit'could be described by quadratic model (Ucirt = -1.2089l2 + 20.156l -47.335,R2 = 0.9196; Ucrit'= -0.0852l2 +0.9218l + 2.6517,R2 = 0.9895). The maximum critical swimming speed of M. japonicus was achieved at temperature 24.09℃, salinity 31.14 and body length 8.34 cm, respectively.8. The compare of swimming ability of three penaeid shrimp and its applicationAccording to the results of swimming ability, the compare of swimming ability of three penaeid shrimp was made in this chapter. The application and the research suggestion of shrimp swimming ability were also discussed. The difference of swimming ability of the three penaeid shrimp might be due to the relative pleopods mass, behaviour and habit. Results of shrimp swimming ability could be used in selecting towing speed, evaluating the capture area and rate of trawling. Results could be also used in selecting size, habitat and marking method in shrimp stock enhancement. According to the measurements of fish swimming speed, the swimming ability of three penaeid shrimp was determined. Studies should focus on: (1) the swimming ability of shrimp in natural habitat; (2) the hydrodynamics of swimming shrimp; (3) the internal and external influence factors of shrimp swimming ability; (4) the effects of swimming intensity and endurance on the swimming physiology and biochemistry of shrimp; (5) the measurements and calculation of shrimp swimming ability.
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