| To investigate effects of soybean protein source on fishes with different feedinghabits,two growth experiment were conducted on juvenile Cyprinus carpio,Clarias lazera andCtenopharyngondon idellus feeding by semi-purified diets formulated protein source withdehulled soybean meal and the purified soybean antigen,respectively.Growth experimentâ… :Juvenile Cyprinus carpio(initial weight 50.13±0.41g),Clarias lazera(initial weight22.40±0.30g)and Ctenopharyngondon idellus(initial weight 50.63±0.43g)were cultured for eightweeks and fed by five isonitrogenous(Cyprinus carpio 36%,Clarias lazera 40%,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 30%) and isoenergetic(Cyprinus carpio 15.2 KJ/g,Clarias lazera 15.8KJ/g,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 15.6KJ/g)diets which formulated with replacement level 0%,15%,30%,45% and 60% dehulled soybean meal for fish meal protein.The effects of differentreplacement level of dehulled soybean on growth performance,feed utilization,meat quality,health condition,digestibility (digestive enzyme activities and intestinal tissue) in differentfeeding habits fishes were determined and optimum replacement level of soybean meal wassuggested.The results were as follows:1 Effects on growth performance and feed utilization The specific growth rate (SGR),feed efficiency rate(FER),protein efficiency rate(PER)andproductive protein value (PPV) in treated groups of Cyprinus carpio were not significantlydifferent from control group(P＞0.05)when the replacement levels of soybean protein were 15%,30 % and 45 % in the diet,but they were significantly higher than that of 60% group(P＜0.05).It suggests that the maximum replacement level of soybean protein for fish meal might be45 % in diet of Cyprinus carpio.Though SGR,FER,PER and PPV in 15%,30%,45% groups of Clarias lazera graduallyincreased,they were lower than that in control group and no significant differences wereobserved(P＞0.05).SGR,FER,PER and PPV in 15%,30%,45% groups were significantlyhigher than that in 60% group (P＜0.05).This suggests that the maximum replacement level ofsoybean protein for fish meal might also be 45 % in diet of Clarias lazera.There were no significant differences in SGR of Ctenopharyngondon idellus amongtreatments (P＞0.05).FER,PER in 60% group decreased,but they were significantly higherthan that in control group(P＜0.05).FER,PER,PPV in the other treated groups graduallyincreased concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.The resultsuggests that the maximum replacement level of soybean protein for fish meal might be 60 % indiet of Ctenopharyngondon idellus and it could be the best one in utilizing soybean protein inthree fish species.Moreover,there were significant(P＜0.05)differences in soybean proteinutilization among fish species.Growth performance and feed utilization in different species.were significantly (P＜0.05)affected by interaction effects between species and feed.2 Effects on meat quality and health conditionSoybean protein has significant impact on protein content,fat content and water content,but not in the contents of ash and amino acids,in muscle of different feeding habits fishes.Withthe replacement ratio increased,protein content in muscle of different feeding habit fish showeda declining trend and it significantly decreased(P＜0.05)in 60% groups of Cyprinus carpio.protein content in muscle of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus significantlydecreased(P＜0.01);fat content in muscle of Cyprinus carpio showed a declining trend,therewere significant differences between 60% group and control group(P＜0.05).No significantdifferences among groups of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus were observed(P＞0.05).Water content in muscle showed a increasing trend in three species,there were significantdifferences in 45%,60% groups compared with control group in Cyprinus carpio(P＜0.01),there were significant differences in 60% groups of Clarias lazera and Ctenopharyngondon idellus compared with control groups(P＜0.05).With increasing of replacement level,nosignificant differences in total amino acids,total essential amino acids and total flavor aminoacids were observed between Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngondon idellus(P＞0.05).Totalamino acids and total flavor amino acids in muscle of Clarias lazera showed an increasing trend,there were significant differences in 45%,60% groups compared with control group(P＜0.05),total essential amino acids in muscle also showed an increasing trend,there were significantdifferences in 45% (P＜0.05)and 60% (P＜0.01)groups compared with control group.In addition,significant differences in main nutritional component of muscle amongdifferent species were found.The crude protein in muscle of Cyprinus carpio and Clarias lazerawere significantly higher than that of Ctenopharyngondon idellus(P＜0.05).There weresignificant differences in fat content among three species(P＜0.05).The highest fat content wasobserved in muscle of Cyprinus carpio,the lowest fat content was found in muscle ofCtenopharyngondon idellus,higher content of amino acids was found in muscle of Clariaslazera.The crude protein,crude fat,total amino acids,total essential amino acids and totalflavor amino acids were significantly influenced by interaction effects between species andfeed(P＜0.05).The results of blood biochemical index showed that there was no negative impact on fishheath when a certain amount of soybean protein was added to diets.There were significantdifferences in main biochemical parameters in blood among different fish species(P＜0.05).Triglyceride and GOT in blood of different species were significantly affected by interactioneffects between species and feed(P＜0.05).3 Effects on digestibility (digestive enzyme activities)The hepatopancreas and intestinal protease activities gradually declined concomitantly withincreased replacement ratio of soybean protein in Cyprinus carpio.hepatopancreas and posteriorintestine protease activities in 45% group were significantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01).Amylase activities of posterior intestine in 60 % group were significant lower than thatin control group(P＜0.01);there were no significant differences in lipase activities inhepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine among treatments inCyprinus carpio.(P＞0.05).Protease activities in hepatopancreas and intestinal tract of Clarias lazera graduallydeclined concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.Protease activitiesin stomach of treated groups were significantly lower than that in stomach of control group(P＜ 0.01),and protease activities in mid-intestine and hepatopancreas of 30%,45%and 60%groups were significantly lower than that of control group(P＜0.01).No significant differencesin amylase activities of stomach,hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine were foundamong treatments(P＞0.05),amylase activities in posterior intestine of 45 %and 60% groupwere significantly lower than that of control group(P＜0.05).There was no significantdifferences in lipase activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posteriorintestine among treatments in Clarias lazera(P＞0.05).Protease activities in hepatopancreas and intestinal tract of Ctenopharyngondon idellusgradually declined concomitantly with increased replacement level of soybean protein.Therewere significant differences between 60 % group and control group(P＜0.05).Amylase activitiesin hepatopancreasin of 15%,30% and 45% groups were significantly higher than that of controlgroup(P＜0.01),there were no significant differences between 60%group and control group(P＞0.05).Amylase activities in mid-intestine in 45% and 60% groups were significant lower thancontrol group(P＜0.05),there were no significant differences in anterior intestine and posteriorintestine in treated groups compared with control groups(P＞0.05).No significant differences inlipase activities of hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestine wereobserved among treatments(P＞0.05).The statistical results of interaction effects between species and feed showed that proteaseand amylase activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestinewere significantly affected by replacement level of soybean protein(P＜0.05),but lipaseactivities were not significantly influenced(P＞0.05);protease activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posterior intestine were significantly influenced by interactioneffects between species and feed(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feedsignificantly affected amylase activities in mid-intestine and posterior intestine(P＜0.05),butdid not affect lipase activities in hepatopancreas,anterior intestine,mid-intestine,posteriorintestine(P＞0.05).4 Effects on digestibility (intestinal tissue)The entero-plica height of 45% and 60% groups were significantly lower than that ofcontrol group in anterior intestine(P＜0.01)and in mid-intestine (P＜0.05),and the entero-plicaheight of 60% group was significantly lower than that of control group in posterior intestine(P＜0.05)for three species.The entero-plica height of anterior intestine in 30%,45% and 60% groups were significantly lower than that in control group in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01);the entero-plica height ofmid-intestine in 60% group was significantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01);theentero-plica height of posterior intestine in 30%,45% and 60% group were significantly lowerthan that in control group in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01).The entero-plica height of anterior intestine and posterior intestine in 60% group weresignificantly lower than that in control group(P＜0.01)and the entero-plica height ofmid-intestine in 60% group was significantly lower than that in control group inCtenopharyngondon idellus(P＜0.05).The structural integrity were damaged in anterior intestine of 45% group of Cyprinus carpio,in posterior intestine of 60% group of Cyprinus carpio,in anterior intestine and posteriorintestine of 30% group of Clarias lazera,and in anterior intestine and posterior intestine of 60%group of Ctenopharyngondon idellus.The part of intestinal villi shed,the part of epithelial cellsand proper layer separated,and the proper layer became wider for three species.Intestine weight,intestine length,parameters of intestine/body,the entero-plica height ofanterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine were significantly different among threespecies(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feed significantly affected on theentero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine for three species(P＜0.05).Growth experimentâ…¡:Semi-synthesised diets of three isonitrogenous (Cyprinus carpio 36%,Clarias lazera 40%,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 30%) and isoenergetic (Cyprinus carpio 15.2 KJ/g,Clarias lazera15.8KJ/g,Ctenopharyngondon idellus 15.6KJ/g) diets were formulated with fish meal andsoybean protein as protein.Juvenile Cyprinus carpio(initial weight 31.34±0.29g),Clariaslazera(initial weight 15.14±0.05g)and Ctenopharyngondon idellus (initial weight 50.66±0.26g)were cultured for six weeks and fed by the same semi-purified diets which formulated withpurifiedβ-conglycinin 40mg/g diet and glycinin 60mg/g diet,respectively.The effects ofβ-conglycinin and glycinin on growth performance,feed utilization,meat quality,digestibility(intestinal tissue) in different feeding habits fishes were determined.The results were as follows:1 Effects on growth performance and feed utilization SGR,FER,PER and PPV of Cyprinus carpio treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin werelower,but not significantly,than control group(P＞0.05);The SGR,FER and PER of Clariaslazera treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and PPVsignificantly declined(P＜0.01).The SGR,FER,PER,and PPV in Ctenopharyngondon idellustreated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin were significantly decline(P＜0.01).In addition,growth performance and feed efficiency were significantly affected by differentspecies(P＜0.05);The FER,PER and PPV were significantly influenced by interaction effectsbetween species and feed(P＜0.05),and SGR were not significantly influenced by theinteraction effects for three species(P＞0.05).2 Effects on meat qualityMain nutritional components in muscle were significantly influenced by soybean antigen,in contrast,the content of amino acids in muscle were not significantly influenced for differentfeeding habits fishes.Protein content in muscle of Cyprinus carpio treated withβ-conglycininand glycinin declined,but there were no significant differences between treated groups andcontrol group(P＞0.05).Comparing with control group,no significant differences were found infat and ash content in treated groups(P＞0.05).The water content significantly increased intreated groups compared to control group(P＜0.01),there were no significant differences inwater content between groups treated with glycinin and control(P＞0.05).Total amino acidscontent of treated groups were not significantly different from control groups in Cyprinuscarpio(P＞0.05).Protein content of Clarias lazera treated withβ-conglycinin and glycinin significantlydecreased(P＜0.01).Comparing with control groups,no significant differences were observedin fat and ash content in treated groups(P＞0.05).The water content in group treated withβ-conglycinin significantly increased(P＜0.01),but it in group treated with glycininsignificantly decreased in Clarias lazera(P＜0.01).Protein content of Ctenopharyngondon idellus treated withβ-conglycinin and glycininsignificantly decreased(P＜0.01).The contents of water,fat and ash were not significantlydifferent between treated groups and control groups(P＞0.05).There were significant differences in main nutritional components of muscle among species(P＜0.05).The contents of water and crude protein in muscle were significantly influenced byinteraction effects between species and feed(P＜0.05).Total amount of amino acids weresignificantly different among species(P＜0.05),but total essential amino acids,total flavor amino acids were not(P＞0.05).The total amino acids,total essential amino acids and totalflavor amino acids were not significantly influenced by interaction effects between species andfeed(P＞0.05).3 Effects on digestibility (intestinal tissue)The entero-plica height of mid-intestine and posterior intestine in groups treated withβ-conglycinin or glycinin were significantly lower than that in control group in Cyprinus carpioand Clarias lazera(P＜0.01),but there were no significant differences in entero-plica of anteriorintestine among groups(P＞0.05).The entero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine andposterior intestine of Ctenopharyngondon idellus in treated groups were significantly lower thanthat in control group.The structural integrity of intestines in different species treated withβ-conglycinin or glycinin was destroyed,parts of intestinal villi shed,parts of epithelial cellsand proper layer separated,and the proper layer became wider.The statistical results of interaction effects between species and feed showed that intestineweight,intestine length,the parameters of intestine/body weight,the parameters ofintestine/body length,the entero-plica height of anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posteriorintestine were significantly affected(P＜0.05).The interaction effects between species and feedalso significantly affected on anterior intestine,mid-intestine and posterior intestine in differentfeeding habits fishes(P＜0.05). |
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