| Understanding the factors that regulate grain filling is important for improving rice yield potential. However, there is disagreement as to whether improving sink size alone in rice crops will also result in an increase in leaf and whole plant photosynthesis. The grain yield in rice is the product of spikelet yield (or sink) and ripening ability (or source). The relationship between the source and sink in rice research in general level,QTL mapping and gene×environment interaction are used to research the relationship of source and sink is benefit for us. Thus a RIL including 130 offspring was built in order to study the character of dynamic QTLs during the grain-filling.1. In our study,we got 11 characters associated with source for grain filling.Frequencies of 11 characters were close to normal pattern, and showed continuously variant,implying that they are quantitative characters. The result QTL mapping and GE interaction as below:Under the environment of Wuyishan,we got 22 QTL of characters associated with source.They are located in 1,2,6,11 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 1.79%-44.55%,and 15 QTLs exceeded 10%,3 QTLs are below 5% among them.The number of a character is 1-4.Under the environment of Putian,we got 20 QTLs of characters associated with source.They are located in 2,5,6,7,12 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 0.66%-56.75%,and 7 QTLs exceeded 10%,8 QTLs are below 5% among them.The number of a character is 0-5,8 characters were detected additive QTL expect days to heading,length of flag leaf,area of flag leaf.We got 20 QTLs with prominent gene×environment interaction.They are located in1,2,6,11,12 linkage group.The range of the contribution rate of additive effects to phenotype were 1.37%-34.98%,and 4 QTLs exceeded 10%,10 QTLs are below 5% among them. The range of the contribution rate of GE interactions to phenotype were 0%-15.16%,and 4 QTLs exceeded 10%,12 QTLs are below 5% among them.2. In our study,we got 5 characters associated with sink for grain filling. Frequencies of 11 characters were close to normal pattern, and showed continuously variant implying that they are quantitative characters. The result QTL mapping and GE interaction as below:The QTLs associated with length of panicle and weight of panicle for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Wuyishan:we got 21 QTLs,which were located in 1,3,5,6,7,8,11 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 0.61%-31.63%,and 8 QTLs exceeded 10%,6 QTLs are below 5% among them. Two QTL of qPL-7-5 and qP L-7-6 emerged at 1,4 stage of grain filling,but differencies of two stages were prominent.The QTLs associated with weight of 1000 grains for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Wuyishan:we got 9 QTLs .Those QTL were located in1,2,3,5,7linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 3.03%-11.9%,and 1 QTLs exceeded 10%,3 QTLs are below 5% among them. The QTL of qGW-7-7 emerged at 4,5 stage of grain filling,and respectively explained 7.64%,3.82% of phenotypic variation.The QTLs associated with length of grain for grain filling under the environment of Wuyishan:we got 7 QTLs that were located in 4,6,7,10,12 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The values of additive effects were respectively -0.03,-0.03,-0.03,-0.03,0.02,-0.05,0.03 and contribution rates of phenotypic variation were 5.69%,5.69%,8.22%,5.69%,2.53%,15.82% and 5.69% respectively.The QTLs associated with width of grain for grain filling under the environment of Wuyishan:we got 7 QTLs and respectively located in 2,2,5,5,6,6,7 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The values of additive effects were respectively 0.02,0.01,0.01,0.01,-0.02,-0.02,0.02 and contribution rates of phenotypic variation were 5.72%,0.44%,0.44%,0.44%,1.77%,1.77% and 1.77% respectively.The QTLs associated with length of panicle and weight of panicle for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Putian:we got 41 QTLs and located in 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 0.32%-16.52%,and 11 QTLs exceeded 10%,26 QTLs are below 5% among them. The QTLs associated with length of panicle of qPL-2-11,qPL-2-12,qPL-2-13,qPL-4-2,qPL-4-3,qPL-8-3,qPL-8-4,qPL-9-4 emerged at least one time,implying the importance of additive effects to length of panicle.The QTLs associated with weight of 1000 grains for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Putian:we got 13 QTLs which were located in1,2,4,6,7 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 1.9%-24.78%,and 5 QTLs exceeded 10%,1 QTLs are below 5% among them. There QTLs of qGW-6-7,qGW-2-1,qGW-6-8 respectively emerged at 4,2,3 stage of grain filling,and all emerged at 5 stage.It showed the importance of additive effects to the form of later output.The QTLs associated with length of grain for grain filling under the environment of Putian:we got 9 QTLs and located in 1,2,4,5,7,10,11,12 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The values of additive effects were respectively -0.02,0.02,-0.02,-0.02,-0.03,-0.04,-0.03,0.02,-0.02 and contribution rates of phenotypic variation were 3.58%,3.58%,3.58%,3.58%,8.06%,16.12%,8.06%,3.58% and 3.58% respectively.The QTLs associated with width of grain for grain filling under the environment of Putian.we got 3 QTLs and respectively located in 5,5,6 linkage group and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The values of additive effects were respectively 0.0136,0.0061,-0.0159 and contribution rates of phenotypic variation were 14.99%,3.02% and 20.49% respectively.We got 46 QTLs with prominent gene×environment interaction.They are located in1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 linkage group.The range of the contribution rate of additive effects to phenotype were 0%-19.22%%,and 10 QTLs exceeded 10%,29 QTLs are below 5% among them. The range of the contribution rate of GE interactions to phenotype were 0%-12.31%, QTLs are mostly below 5% among them..3. The QTLs associated with net photosynthetic rate for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Wuyishan:we got 7 QTLs located in 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10 linkage group just at 1,4 stage and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 0.34%-22.71%, the contribution rate of QTLs mostly exceeded 10% except 2 QTLs.The QTLs associated with net photosynthetic rate for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Putian:we got 15 QTLs located in 1,2,4,7,9,10 linkage group at 1,2,3,4 stage and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 0.36%-17.85%, and just 1 QTLs exceeded 10%,2 QTLs are below 5% among them.We got 7 QTLs with prominent gene×environment interaction at 1,2,4 stage.They are located in2,4,9,11 linkage group.The range of the contribution rate of additive effects to phenotype were 3.51%-16.05%,and 1 QTL exceeded 10%,9 QTLs are below 5% among them. The range of the contribution rate of GE interactions to phenotype were 0%-20.91%, 3 QTL exceeded 10%,3 QTLs are below 5% among them.4. The QTLs associated with grain-filling rate for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Wuyishan:we got 11QTLs located in 1,2,4,5,7,10 linkage group at 1,2,4,5 stage and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 0.92%-17.39%, and just 1 QTL exceeded 10%,6 QTLs are below 5% among them.The QTLs associated with grain-filling rate for five stages of grain filling under the environment of Putian:we got 9 QTLs located in 1,2,5,6,8 linkage group at 2,3,4 stage and mostly explained phenotypic variation.The range of the contribution rate is 1.99%-24.41%, and 3 QTLs exceeded 10%,2 QTLs are below 5% among them.We got 7 QTLs with prominent gene×environment interaction at 2,4,5 stage.They are located in 1,2,4,5,6,10 linkage group.The range of the contribution rate of additive effects to phenotype were 1.1%-4.54%, and contribution rate of QTLs are mostly below 5% among them. The range of the contribution rate of GE interactions to phenotype were 0%-10.29%.5. The correlation analysis by SPSS software:the correlation analysis between characters with source,net photosynthetic rates and grain-filling rates.The result indicated that the relationships of the characters during grain-filling were complex and some of them reach significant correlation.This research work on the source and the sink carries in Wuyishan and Putian was conducted for separately QTL mapping at different stages and gene×environment interaction in rice.The result in a sense revealed that grain filing process in the rice is a gene dynamic expression process, simultaneously is also an interactive action between the gene and gene, gene and environment in the process, it was significant in rice breeding. Simultaneously the gene dynamic expression and interaction cannot only depend on the QTL method to make the simple analysis. To further understead Understanding the gene expression in space and time characteristics, this also need to do more work. In the different levels, such as RNA proteome level.
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