Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with a very poor prognosis. Only a minority of patients are eligible for surgical therapies due to advanced tumors or extrahepatic disease at primary diagnosis. Complete surgical resection remains the cornerstone of care, with adjuvant chemotherapy providing marginal survival benefit. Despite best surgical and medical efforts, overall prognosis is poor. Therefore, novel strategies to prevent proliferation of malignant cells are urgently needed.Recent advances in the basic understanding of immunology and tumor biology have sparked renewed interest in active immunotherapy as a treatment for various cancers. The major objective of active specific immunotherapy, including antitumor vaccines, is to generate tumor- specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as well as helper T cells capable of targeting the tumor. One approach to developing immunotherapy strategies...
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