| [Background]Now, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is one of the most effective methods for curing many diseases of blood system, such as leukemia, myeloma, lymphoma, acute aplastic anemia and thalassemia, etc. Based on the sources of the hematopoietic stem cell, transplantation can be classified into three categories, i.e. autologous transplantation, isogeneic transplantation and heterogous transplantation. Because of the progress in the theory and technology of transplantation and the expansion of Marrow Bank, the allogeneic transplantation with HLA matched or HLA semi-matched was used extensively in clinical practice. The objective of allogeneic transplantation is to establish a normal hemopoiesis and immune function of donor type to substitute the intrinsic abnormal ones of recipient. Following transplantation, doctors must estimate the success or failure of transplantation, carry out immunosuppressive therapy timely and infer prognosis. The best method is to quantitatively detect the proportion of donor cells existed in chimera fathermore dynamicly monitor its change trend. In addition, the chimera study provided an excellent tool for developing the immunology and transplantation theory.From the point of view of genetics, the chimera was a mixture containing two types of cell with different genotype. Therefore, some genetic markers could be used to discriminate donor cells or recipient cells and to quantitate their proportion. Some technology and methods, such as FISH and RFLP-PCR, VNTR/STR-PCR, etc.which are based on the first and second generation of genetic markers, were used previously. The disadvantages of these methods were lower sensitivity (5%-1% of STR-PCR method) and narrow detection limit (FISH can only differentiate sex). Recently, the sensitivity for chimera analysis was needed to reach more height point when people used it in monitoring prognosis and minimal residual disease of leukemia.
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