| Employment is a significant livelihood issue, and also a social hot spot. Resolving employment is a major and pressing mission of our government. Since the impendency of employment issue, some researchers study the employment growth of China, based on labor demand is a derivative demand, from the angle of gross economic growth. While with the high-speed economic growth in China, We even hold a growth rate of above9%encountering financial crisis, the employment grows slowly, it is not synchronized with the economy. Also some researchers note the employment growth is not only an issue of gross economic growth. They study employment growth of China based on human capital theory. While even if government and individual labor value human capital accumulation highly, the annual increasing rate of educational input during2000-2011stays above13%and the educational level of labor grow constantly, especially a huge amount of graduates entering in employment market every year. But the employment situation is still severe, and the graduates encounter difficulties in employment. Therefore, employment growth is more a multi-dimensional structural allocative issue than solely a quantitative issue of individual human capital accumulation. Some researchers have concerned this structural factor, and study the issue from the angle of upgrade industries, industrial structure change, regional distribution of human capital accumulation etc. However, there is still no clear theoretical carding about how the allocation of human capital and physical capital affects employment growth, and information of empirical study under structural framework, about the effective intensity of structural factors on employment growth by human capital is not adequate. As a major country, empirical study about the regional distinctions of effect by structural factors of human capital in China is particularly insufficient. Based on the above aspects, respectively policy research about enhance employment is difficult to build on systematical empirical studies.This paper, based on the angle of human capital structure, studies employment growth and analyzes the effectual efficiency of structural factors in human capital, i.e. factors allocative efficiency, on employment growth. We inspect this nationally and regionally from three ways of scale, structure and technology. The first is on the scale way, the quantitative allocative efficiency (QAE) of human capital and physical capital affects employment growth. The second is on the structure way, the structural allocative efficiency (SAE) of human capital and physical capital affects employment growth. The third is on the technology way, technological progress (TP) promoted by human capital affects employment growth.Studying on the three effective paths of employment growth, the main content of this paper include followings. Firstly, based on the human capital theory, using the economic growth theory, the marginal returns theory, the labor participation decision theory and empirical information of studies, we systematical carding affecting routes and mechanism for employment by human capital structural factors, then build the employment growth model containing human capital structural factors. Then based on the three path mechanisms of affecting employment by the human capital structural factors, we analyze the dominant performance of the three paths, according it we design the way measuring the level of human capital structural factors. Secondly, Measuring the scale of factors and the level of human capital structural factors, and analyze features of employment growth, factor accumulation and the accumulative efficiency. The scale of human capital and physical capital are measured according to same way with others. with the method of Kumbhakar(2000), we measure factor scale and allocative efficiency the sum of frontier technological progress and changes in technological efficiency on the improved basic information of element, they are used to measure the factor quantitative and structural allocative efficiency promoted, technological progress by human capital. Thirdly, the empirical study of employment affected by human capital structural factors, we estimate effects of human capital structural factors on employment from whole country and region level with31provinces’ panel data between2003to2011. and compare the difference of effects in the whole country and in the east, middle and west regions. Fourthly, countermeasure research of promoting employment based on simulation of adjusting factor prices, factor prices can affect the internal match structure of the human capital, then affect factor structural allocation. So we simulate the effects of common labor, human capital and physical capital’ prices on factor structural allocation and employment growth, and we analyze their regional distinctions. Fifthly, a countermeasure research of promoting employment based on promoting the accumulative efficiency of human capital by optimizing the structure of educational input, we use an stochastic frontier educational production function model, analyze the efficiency distinctions of public educational input and private educational input for accumulating human capital.promote the accumulative efficiency of human capital by optimizing the structure of input structure to increase the employment.Based on the above research, the main ideas of this paper is listed as followings.The first, Human capital structural factors hold a significant effect on employment growth. The effect could be inspected on the scale, structure and technology paths both in the level of the whole nation and regions. The first way is scale. The quantitative allocative efficiency of human capital and physical capital promote employment growth. The second is structure. The structural allocative efficiency of human capital and physical capital promote employment growth. The third is technology. Technological progress promoted by human capital promote employment growth. Total employment impact is decided by the compared results of the employment compensation and damage effects. Distinctions exist in the growth effect of each factor.The second, on the way of scale, the quantitative allocative efficiency of human capital and physical capital will promote employment growth.on one hand, Human capital accumulation can bring the number of other inputs such as physical capital, so that the total factor inputs expands to promote employment growth. the other hand, There is an optimal matching for the integration of human capital and physical capital. Production factor should be devoted in an appropriate proportion. Excessive devotion or insufficiency of any input will lead to the marginal return decreasing for itself or other factors, which reduce the gross return of input, lower gross output and reduce employment. Through the stimulating employment effect of panel regression model estimation of national and regional employment growth, it indicates that no matter in the national level or in the regional level, the quantitative allocative efficiency promotes employment growth significantly, and become the main source of power for employment growth. Comparing regionally, the promoting effect of quantitative allocative efficiency during2003-2011successively decreases from east to west to middle, which is not only caused by the larger sensitivity, i.e. larger elastic coefficient, of the promoting effect on employment growth of east than that of middle and west, but also stemmed from the better proportion of input factor in east than that of middle and west. Even if the increasing speed of input factor lays behind that of middle and west conspicuously, the quantitative allocative efficiency of east upgrades still faster than that of middle and west. Therefore, we should maintain a certain growth of factor inputs, improve level of human capital accumulation, which will lead the proportion of input factors to tend towards an appropriate value and improve marginal return of factors, then the quantitative allocative efficiency will be improved, and it is of significant value for promoting employment.The third, on the structural path, the structural allocative efficiency will promote employment growth. As physical capital, human capital is also heterogeneous. Therefore the allocation of human capital and physical capital is not solely a matching of gross, but also a matching of internal structure. Only a reasonable allocation of internal structure of human capital and physical capital could play the largest function. If allocated unreasonably for factors, on one hand, the marginal output will be reduced, then on the whole, the employment will suffer reduction. On the other hand, although human capital could be employed downward compatibly, efficiency loss of high-end human capital will follow the procedure, which lead to invalid accumulation of high-end human capital directly, and reduce employment. Through the stimulating employment effect of panel regression model estimation of national and regional employment growth and structural allocative efficiency, it indicates that this effect is significant both in the nation level and the regional level. Whereas the decline of structural allocative efficiency in each region all reduce the employment growth rate, and its negative effect tend to boost in the whole nation and east, middle and west regions, which hold more and more threaten on employment growth. The negative effect on employment of structural allocative efficiency in east surpass the negative effect of technological progress in2010, which has been surpassed in2004in west. And this effect becomes the major obstruction for employment growth in each region.From the comparison of regions, the inhibiting effect of structural allocative efficiency during2003-2011decline successively from east to west to middle. Although affected by factor market segmentation, overly rapid development of factor input of physical capital in middle and west regions, and the comparatively lower allocation of human capital accumulation level, the structural allocative efficiency in middle and west blow that of east significantly. However the employment growth of east is more sensitive to structural allocative efficiency than the others’. Therefore more attention should be paid on the issue of unreasonable input allocation in the east region.To improve structural allocative efficiency, the first task is figuring out the issue of factor market segmentation in different sorts of enterprises, industries and regions, give the full play to the fundamental role of market in allocating resources, and reduce the distortion of factor price, improve the internal matching structure of human capital and physical capital, which will optimize the allocation of factor structure. Secondly, we should consider the issue of human capital accumulation. The related price affects the choice on factors for firms. Therefore in order to enhance competitiveness of labors by lowering capita cost of human capital accumulation, we should improve the efficiency of human capital accumulation, i.e. accumulating equal human capital with less input of educational resource, to improve the internal matching structure of human capital and physical capital, then the structure allocation of factors will be optimized, which would promote employment.The fourth, from the technological path, human capital promote technological progress to affect employment by integrating physical capital. And different levels of human capital hold different functions on promoting technological progress. While technological progress hold not only complementary effect but also destructive effect on employment. The gross effect depends on the comparative outcome of these two effect. Through the stimulating employment effect of panel regression model estimation of national and regional employment growth and TP, it indicates that, apart from the east region, TP is not significantly negative related with employment growth in other regions and on the whole nation. In the whole nation the former promotes the latter. While in the east, middle and west regions, the former hinders the latter.The fifth, improving the structural allocative efficiency by adjusting factor price could promote employment growth. Unreasonable allocation of factor manifests on the price dimension as that the price of physical capital is comparatively high while the price of ordinary labor and human capital is relatedly low. Improving structural allocative efficiency should give the full play to the fundamental role of market in allocating resources, rebuild the distorted factor price and achieve the reasonable allocation of factor structure through figuring out the issue of factor market segmentation in different sorts of enterprises, industries and regions. The stimulating comparative analysis of employment growth effect by factor price adjusting of the whole nation, the east, middle and west regions indicates that, firstly no matter the decline of factor price of physical capital, or the increase of factor price of human capital or the increase of factor price of ordinary labor, indirectly or directly improve the internal matching structure of human capital and physical capital, promote employment growth through improving structural allocative efficiency. Secondly with the same extent of factor price adjusting to improve the quantitative allocative efficiency, the decline of factor price of physical capital plays the largest function on employment growth, the second is the increase of factor price of human capital, while the increase of factor price of ordinary labor plays the least function. Thirdly the distortion of factor price in middle and west regions is deeper than that of east, especially that of physical capital. To improve structural allocative efficiency and employment growth, we should take more extent of factor price adjusting on these regions. Fourthly the loss from unreasonable allocation in east is severer than that of middle and west. Therefore the improving extent on employment rate by improving the structural allocative efficiency through adjusting factor price and improving the internal matching structure of human capital and physical capital in east is significantly larger than that of middle and west.The sixth, promoting efficiency of human capital accumulation by optimizing input structure could promote employment growth by declining cost of human capital accumulation or more human capital accumulation and improving the internal matching structure of human capital and physical capital. No matter the promotion of the structural allocative efficiency which need more human capital accumulation, improve the internal matching structure of human capital and physical capital, especially the structural allocative efficiency in the middle and west is lower than that of the east because of the conspicuous less human capital accumulation, or promoting structural allocative efficiency needs reduce the capita cost of human capital accumulation, all need promote efficiency of human capital accumulation effectively, and then promote employment. The empirical study of the efficiency of human capital accumulation indicates that, reasonable allocation of public and private educational input in different educational levels and regions could improve efficiency of human capital accumulation, and then accumulate more human capital. Firstly, on the area of fundamental human capital accumulation, public educational input possesses higher efficiency. While on the area of professional human capital accumulation, private educational input is more effective. Secondly, the efficiency of human capital accumulation of public educational input blows that of private educational input slightly in the direct path, but improving portion of public educational input will promote technological efficiency of human capital accumulation, and3increase human capital accumulation generally. Thirdly, the west region, although with the largest increasing speed of educational input in recent years, does not display the fundamental status in its public educational input, and its efficiency of private educational input displays more significantly weaker than that of east. The human capital accumulation could not disregard structural allocation of educational resource. Grasping the public-target direction of public educational input and market-efficiency direction of private educational input will benefit improving the efficiency of human capital accumulation, and achieving output-maximization of educational input and cost-minimization of human capital accumulation. Compared with same kind of researches, this paper achieves three advances as follows.The first, the importance of structure of human capital has been acknowledged generally. While considering the complexity of structural allocation, related researches is not adequate. Based on the classic framework of labor economic theory that labor demand belongs to derivative demand, and human capital promotes employment ability, this paper cards three paths of effect caused by factor allocation on employment growth, and expounds specific effective mechanism of each path, which secure the model design of this research is built on a clear theoretical logic, and further promote the practical study of human capital from quantity to structure and from accumulation to allocation, which deep the related study of factor (human capital) accumulation, economic growth and employment growth.The second, the study of human capital theory on the dimension of structural allocation lags conspicuously. While the empirical study about structural allocation is particularly few. One of the principle reasons is the difficulty of measuring the level of structural variable. Based on the study of relation between the structural essence of human capital and the performance of this structural effect on each dimension, this paper searches the measuring technological referring TFP and its analytial methods, which makes the empirical study of employment be available under the frame of structural effective factors of human capital. This measuring technology could be highly tentative, but it should be conductive to promote the empirical study of structural effect of human capital on labor employment and other areas.The third, discovering problems needs support of empirical information, and strategy research substantially needs the basis of subjective data. How to optimize structural allocation of human capital to expand employment effectively is been researched by this paper from two aspects. One is the investment structure of human capital and the other is the related factor price of human capital. This paper builds a stochastic frontier model and makes systematic data stimulation. The strategy advice is built on the stimulation results, which is of more practical pertinence and reliability.
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