| The threadfin breams of the family Nemipteridae is one of the mosteconomically important groups in the order Perciformes, comprising64species in5genera in the world. As warm water species, they are mainly distributed in thetemperate to tropical areas of Indo-Pacific oceans. Nowadays the taxonomy,monophyly, classification position, validities of some genera and intergenericrelationships of this group are still unresolved. The species composition,distributionpatterns and evolutional history of threadfin breams occurring in the coastal waters ofChinese Mainland and the Islands in the South China Sea are still unclear. In thepresent study,we reviewed the threadfin breams of the family Nemipteridae fromChina seas, based on the collections of Marine Biological Museum of the Institutionof Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(IOCAS),Marine Biological Museumof the South China Sea Institution of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SCSIO)and the museum of the Biodiversity Research Center,Academia Sinica(BRCAS)and some related references. We also investigated the possible monophylyof Nemipteridae and analysed the interrelationships within the group by usingmitochondrial16S rRNA gene sequences. Based on mitochondrial COI genesequences,we analysed the evolutionary relationship,as well as DNA barcoding ofgenus Nemipterus. Combined with the molecular phylogenetic result anddistributional data,we discussed the distributional characters and the possible original center of Nemipteridae fishes in China. The main conclusions are as follows:(1)A total of29species belonging to4genera in the family Nemipteridae fromChinese waters are reviewed,of which Nemipterus nemurus and N. marginatus arenew record species from China seas. There is no endemic nemipterid species inChina.(2)There are two areas where Nemipteridae fishes bloom in the world:the first is"Gulf of Thailand-Java Sea"areaï¼›the second is the main part of "Coral ReefTriangle Region". Fishes of Nemipterus and Parascolopsis bloom in the first area,and fishes of Pentapodus and Scolopsis bloom in the second area. The seas where theNemipteridae fishes appear in China have the fauna belonging to the Indo-WestPacific warm water biotic region. The fishes of Nemipterus and Parascolopsis areprosperous in the Beibu Gulf and the northern part of the South China Sea. The fishesof Pentapodus and Scolopsis are prosperous in the islands in the South China Sea andthe eastern coastal waters of Taiwan Island. All fishes of the four genera bloom in theTaiwan Strait.(3)The mitochondrial16S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed. Two major cladeswith high bootstrap values are shown in the phylogenetic trees:(A) genusPentapodus and genus Nemipterus,and(B)genus Parascolopsis and genus Scolopsis.Phylogenetic tree indicated that the monophyly of the family Nemipteridae and itsgenera was basically confirmed. The validity of Parascolopsis is doubtful. Theinterspecific relationship of Nemipterus is more complicated than that of Pentapodusand Scolopsis.(4)Phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial COI genes sequences showed twomajor clades with high bootstrap values:(A) N. japonicus and N. marginatus,and(B) the rest four species. In the first major clade,the South China Sea isolate of N.japonicus was distinctly different from the Indian seas isolates. The second majorclade comprised of two subclades:(a)N. bathybius,mesoprion and N. hexodon (b)N. virgatus.(5)For N. japonicus,the Indian seas isolate was distinct from the South China Sea isolate with a K2P distance of0.0312,thus indicating the possible existence of crypticspecies. The genetic differentiation between the two N. japonicus from two differentareas may be caused by the geographical isolation in Pleistocene ice ages. The presentresults suggested that COI sequences could be a useful tool for both identification andphylogeny of Nemipterus fishes. Efforts are being made to carry out an extensivecollaborative study using a multi-genes analyzing to cover the phylogeny of a widerange of Nemipterus species and geographical isolates.
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