Molecular Cytogenetics Study On Male Sterile-restoring System Of Nian Type And Cms Gene (rfvl-rfv1) Directional Transduction And New Way Of Heterosis Utilizationin In Wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) has obvious heterosis like other crops, such as maize andrice. Heterosis utilization can improve quality and yield of wheat by a large amount. NowWheat heterosis utilization is realized by means of male sterility, which includes hereditablemale sterility (such as CMS, NMS and PMS)and physiological male sterility (such as CHAS).Each of male sterility has their own merits and demerits.CHAS and CMS had become the main ways to produce the hybrid wheat in recent years.Nian-type is the generic terms of cytomplas male sterile line with the ctyoplasms ofAegilops.kotschyi, Ae. variabilis, Ae. ventricoca, and Ae. Bicornis. CMS of NIAN-type hasthe permanent merits of easy restoring, single male sterile and restoring gene, and thedemerits of obtaining hybrid componention hardly compared to CHAS. The parents-lines ofCHAS was selected easily and freely. Either two cultivars can be combined to produce thehybrid wheat.The CMS of NIAN-type were utilized to carrying out the fundmental research,applied research in this research. The aims were to explore the faults of old CMS, screen thenew sterile-restoring genes, and create a new way of hybrid whear utilization by means ofcombining the CMS and CHAS. The results were as follows:1. MⅠand AⅠin meiosis of hybrids F1of3alloplasmic wheat male sterile lines weresystematically observed and investigated, the relationships between FCU, FCLB and thefertility restoration of hybrids F1were analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)Thechromosomes synapsis at MⅠand variation at AⅠof hybrids F1were caused bynucleo-cytoplasmic interaction.(2) FCU at MⅠwas highly positively correlated to the FCLBat AⅠ.(3) The fertility restoration of hybrids F1had no correlation with Ae.kotschyi,Ae.ventricosa or Ae.bicornis cytoplasms.(4) Fertility restoration of the hybrids F1wasnegatively correlated to the FCU and the FCLB, the chromosomes variation at MⅠandAⅠdecreased the fertility restoration of F1hybrids.2. Some seed set characters of genetic variances, such as seed set in both sides,seedset in the middle of F1spikelets from sterile lines and restoring lines of Nian group(withAe.kotschyi, Ae.variabilis, Ae.ventricosa and Ae.bicornis cytoplasms) in wheat for twoyears are analyzed by the genetic model of additive-dominance (AD) and their interactions with environments by MINQUE(1) approaches. Additive effects was themain behavior to the fertility restoration performance of male sterile lines of Nian groupin wheat, and the next was the dominance effects. The seed set characters of somecombinations from sterile lines (V)-90-110,(Ven)-90-110,(K)-224,(V)-224hadpositively significant or the most significant additive effects, the parents5253,02-7-215,00-6-247, M8003had the additive effects of making the restoring degree increased. Ingeneral, the combinations with higher additive effects of two parents were lower indominance effects. The restoring degree of international method was high, because theadditive effects of the restoring degree of international method of two parents were high.There was small interaction between the environment and the rate of seed set of malesterile lines of Nian type in wheat, fertility restoration performance was more stablebetween years.3. specific fertility characteristic and screen the sterile gene carrier of non-1BL/1RSwheat male sterile lines of nian type from different sources were studied in this paper, in orderto breeding the new excellent non-1BL/1RS wheat male sterile lines of Nian type andpromote the hybrid wheat. Results as follows:(1) Two kinds of wheats SP4(T.spelta varduhamelianum) and T.macha var subletschchumicum carry the sterile gene of non-1BL/1RSwheat male sterile lines of Nian type by the body cell identification and A-PAGE. The othermaterials carry the one of1BL/1RS wheat male sterile lines of Nian type.(2) The fertilityrestoration performance of the two male sterile lines with Aegilops kotschyi, Ae.ventricosacytoplasms and SP4, T.macha nucleus were investigated. There is difference between the twomale steriles, and there is a smaller fertility degree. Averagely, the fertility degree of the twomale sterile lines with T.macha nucleus is higer than SP4's. So T.macha should be thoughtmore in the application.(3)The sterility develop is in the whole developping process of thegamete. The cytology morphology of SP4, T.macha in the cytoplasms with Ae.bicornis isdifferent from the cytoplasms with Aegilops kotschyi, Ae.ventricosa, and the rates ofbourgeon is higer in the cytoplasms with Ae.bicornis.4. In order to study the specific function of PAGE in breeding male sterility germplasmof NIAN type in wheat directionally, SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE were adopted to indentify thespecific chromosome from sterile germplasm and their backcross offspring, the result were asfollows:(1) There were43kD and40kD band in906, Xiaoyan22, XC-2and Xinong186bymeans of SDS-PAGE. They are1BL/1RS translocations.(2) The prolamine protein markerloci GldlB3was founded in906,05－S-9-10,XC-2, Xinong1376, Xinong186, which showsthis materials are1BL/1RS translocations. It was not founded in were P1, P2and Xinong2611,Xiaoyan22, which shows they are non-1BL/1RS translocations.(3) Based on the results above, offsprings of maintainer transducted were identificated by A-PAGE. It shows that most ofoffsprings are1BL/1RS translocations, because of having the prolamine protein marker lociGldlB3.(4) Both SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE can be used in indentifing1BL/1RS translocationsand non-1BL/1RS translocations in Male sterility of Nian Type on wheat, But the resolutionof A-PAGE is more higer than SDS-PAGE.5. The parents of XZ-1belonged to1BL/1RS translocations, and that of XZ-5belongedto non-1BL/1RS translocations based on identification. In order to transduct non-1BL/1RSmale sterile and restoring genes of Nian type directional and quickly, we designed someprocedures for trsducting the maintainer, sterility and restorer against these two types ofparents.6. According to the procedures designed, the female parent of hybrid wheat XZ-1wasused as receptor and recurrent parent, and crossed and backcross with SP4, Macharespectively to breed maintainer and sterile lines of male sterility. Similarly, the male parentof hybrid wheat XZ-1was used as receptor and recurrent parent, and crossed and backcrosswith restoring lines R5253,R5383respectively to breed new restorer lines of male sterility. Inthis process, we established a technology system of indentifing1BL/1RS homozygote andheterozygote of translocation.7. According to the procedures designed, the female parent Xinong Fp2of hybrid wheatXZ-5was used as receptor and recurrent parent, and crossed and backcross with SP4, Macharespectively to breed maintainer and sterile lines of male sterility. In this process, weestablished a technology system of indentifing target chromosome by means of SDS-PAGEand A-PAGE. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that protein subunit6+8in HMW could beused as the marker to trace the male sterile gene rfv1, and there is the character band of SP4and Macha in D region of LMW. The results of A-PAGE showed that there was a characterprotein band in ω zone between SP4Macha and Xinong Fp2, which can be used as the tracerof the male sterile gene rfv1.8. After cross and backcross of many generations, we have got the new maintainers ofnon-1BL/1RS male sterile lines with the background of female parents of hybrid wheat XZ-1,XZ-5, and the male sterile lines was breeding now. We have got the new restorer ofnon-1BL/1RS male sterile lines with the background of male parents of hybrid wheat XZ-1,XZ-5.