The Bloodborne Pathogens HIV/AIDS The Univariate And Bivariate Impact Of HIV/AIDS On The Quality Of Life

BackgroundInfectious diseases: are a group of communicable and non-communicable diseasescaused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as protozoa, fungi or parasites, bacteria andviruses. Infectious diseases may be transmitted by means of direct or indirect contact mayalso be spread from person to person, animal to person and some are not contagious.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Infectious diseases are caused bypathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, parasites or fungi, directly or indirectly, fromone person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious of animals that can cause diseasewhen to transmitted humans.A healthy individual stays perpendicular peacefully with microbial flora that helpsdefend its host when invade by harmful microorganisms (pathogens). Pathogens aremicroorganisms that have the ability to cause disease. Majority of microbial flora are fungiand bacteria and includes normal host flora, which is appear consistently and promptlyreestablished if provoked or invaded, and transient microbial flora, which may sabotage thehost for minutes, hours up to weeks but does not permanently establish itself.Microorganisms that are normal resident flora can sometimes cause disease wheneverimmune system is compromised and defense mechanisms are weakened.According to the American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary, pathogens weredefined as an agent that causes disease, especially a living microorganism such as abacterium, virus, or fungus. Therefore, pathogen is any microbial agent capable of causinginfection or disease, however, the term pathogen is usually limited to livingmicroorganisms, which include fungi, bacteria, yeasts, rickettsia, certain insect larval stages,helminthes and viruses.Source of infection can be Endogenous or Exogenous. Exogenous source of Infection areemerge from outside the body. These sources include the environment and from theinfected person to healthy person and Animal to human. Endogenous source of Infectionoriginate from within the human body. Immunocompromised or sick person is a source ofendogenous infection simply because the overwhelming number of microorganismsnormally found in and on the human body. If these microorganisms remain in their normal environment and their numbers are not adjusted by external factors, no infection will thrive.This dissertation work will focus on the fatal pandemic blood borne pathogens HIV whichis a known cause of AIDS.The present dissertation is based on three researches conducted at Tongji MedicalCollege of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Public Health,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. The three researches were:1. THE UNIVARIATE AND BIVARIATE IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ONTHE QUALITY OF LIFE: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY IN THEHUBEI PROVINCE-CENTRAL CHINABackgroundDue to the increased number of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in China, with an estimatedprevalence between 2.5% to 6.5%, and low antiretroviral drug scale-up for HIV/AIDSindividuals, fundamental issues like the quality of life (QOL) in those individuals haveemerged in the mainland China.ObjectiveTo evaluate the quality of life (QOL) for individuals living with humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Hubeiprovince -central China by using WHOQOL-BREF instrument (Chinese version).Methods and MaterialsOne hundred and thirty six respondents (HIV/AIDS individuals) attending out-patientdepartment of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese CDC) wereadministered a structured questionnaire developed by investigators. QOL was evaluated byusing WHOQOL-BREF instrument (Chinese version).ResultsThe results showed that the mean score of overall QOL on a scale of 0-100 was 25.8.The mean scores in 4 domains of QOL on a scale of 0-100 were 82.9 (social domain), 27.5(psychological domain), 17.7 (physical domain) and 11.65 (environmental domain). Thesignificant difference of QOL was noted in the score of physical domain betweenasymptomatic (14.6) and early symptomatic individuals (12)(P=0.014), and between patients with early symptoms (12) and those with AIDS (10.43) (P＜0.001). QOL inpsychological domain was significantly lower in early symptomatic (12.1) (P＜0.05) andAIDS patients (12.4) (P＜0.006) than in asymptomatic individuals (14.2). The difference inQOL scores in the psychological domain was significant with respect to the income ofpatients (P＜0.048) and educational status (P＜0.037). Significantly better QOL scores in thephysical domain (P＜0.040) and environmental domain (P＜0.017) were noted with respectto the occupation of the patients.ConclusionIn our research, QOL for HIV/AIDS individuals was associated with education,occupation, income, family support and clinical categories of the patients. Patients withfamily support had better QOL scores in environmental domain. It was concluded thatWHOQOL-BREF Chinese version was successfully used in the evaluation of QOL ofHIV/AIDS individuals in Chinese population and proved to be a reliable and useful tool.2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN IMMUNO-DEFICIENCY VIRUSAND QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS INCHINAIn this second study associated with the present dissertation was intended to assess anddiscuss the epidemiology of HIV, underlying psychosocial factors affecting PLWHAs andtheir impact on QOL.BackgroundHIV/AIDS is increasing in prevalence in China and spread of infection from highly riskpopulations to the general populations was recognized. Despite the fact, there are still onlyfew scientific reviews on quality of life (QOL) for people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHAs). However, many PLWHAs are struggling with social and psychologicalinfluences such as substances abuse, cultural beliefs, depression, stigma, poverty, which canaffect their QOL. Public unawareness about infection and disease, willingness to seekmedical care and motivation to follow therapy are indirectly influencing health outcome. In2003 Chinese government has established the so-called the "Four Frees and One Care" policy. The policy was officially implemented from 2004 in some areas, yet to date it is notimplemented nationwide.ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiology of HIV and Quality of Life for people living withHIV/AIDS in China.Methods and MaterialsBy using searching engine google, Chinese network for HIV/AIDS website, OfficialDatabase Record from Province and Autonomous Health Departments and literatures, wehad investigated the epidemiology of the HumanImmuno Virus and Quality of life forPeople living with HIV/AIDS in China.ResultsIn China an estimated 650 000 (0.39-1.1 million) people were living with HIV by theend of 2005. Despite the fact that HIV has been detected in each province of this largecountry with a population of almost 1.3 billion, most of the victims have been reported inHenan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Xinjiang, and Guangdong provinces, while Tibet, Qinghai, andNingxia appeared to have spared HIV outbreaks to date. Some provinces and autonomousregions had no data available from their Health departments. In China, the estimatednumber of people requiring anti-retroviral therapy (0-49y) by the end of 2005 were about80 000, and the estimated scale-up by the country was 30000-50 000 by the end of 2005.However, by June, in 2005, only 15 500 were reported to have received anti-retroviraltherapy.ConclusionWe recommend that, the Chinese government should invest much money to increaseARV-scale up through free drugs program, strategies to provide care and improve theQuality of life for PLWHAs, review strategies for managing HIV infected individuals inresources poor settings and discuss issue of community response, and counseling forpopulation as a whole. International organizations, Non-Government Organizations (NGOs),HIV/AIDS Activists should work together with Chinese government to raise funds whichcan be used for Purchase and supply of ARV, Training for health personells, Research onQOL for PLWHAs and HIV/AIDS related Issues, Nutrition (food, nutrients and vitamins), salaries and wages for staff.Prevention is better than treatment so the highlights the need to focus on prevention,treatment and care strategies effectively on population groups that are most at risk of HIVinfection as well as general population. Health Education, Advocacy of right to live withHIV/AIDS, Right to basic needs, Right to employment, right to free access to health careand health care providers should be educated on that so that they won't reject an access toservice as we see in some areas.Increase of Public Awareness on HIV/AIDS and its related issues must be a first agendain the government plan on Fighting HIV/AIDS.3. RURAL CHINESE AND TANZANIANS ASKED THEMSELVESWITHOUT CLUES, ARE CONDOMS PREVENTING HIV/AIDS?In this third study affiliated with the present dissertation the aim was to assess theknowledge of condoms to the rural Chinese and Tanzanians.BackgroundAs scientists and non-scientists communities are aware that 28 years since the first caseof HIV/AIDS was reported, more than 65 million persons have been infected with HIV, andmore than 25 million have died from AIDS. Even more worse is the observation that morethan 40 per cent of new infections among adults are in young people aged 15 to 24. Ninety-fiveper cent of these infections and deaths have occurred in developing countriesparticularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where almost 64 per cent of the estimated 38.6 millionpersons living with HIV live. AIDS is now the leading global cause of premature deathamong people aged 15 to 59.To date rural residents struggling with lack of knowledge onwheather or not Condoms prevents HIV/AIDS?Objectives1. To assess Individual Prevention Knowledge of Condoms against HIV/AIDS amongrural Chinese and Tanzanians,2. To evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of condoms on the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Methods and Materials8000 adults participated on survey study, in which 4000 participants were Rural Chineseand 4000 participants rural Tanzanians. Participants must be 18 yrs and over, Female orMale who is in any intimacy relationship and rural resident during survey or research study.Questionnaires were given to the participants with the question "DO YOU BELIEVETHAT CONDOMS PREVENT HIV/AIDS?" Other questions were Are you 18 years Oldand above, Are you rural resident?, Have ever heard about condoms?, Have you ever hadIntimacy relationship?, Have you ever lived in urban areas at least once in your life time.They had choice to respond with Yes or No, to the above mentioned questionnairequestions, the respondents were also indicates their gender.Consent was secured. The knowledge was evaluated by questionnaire and Semistructuredinterview a simple Descriptive percentile method was performed.Results22.4% Males and 9% Females rural Chinese among participants who lived in the urban atleast once in their life time was found to have prevention knowledge of Condoms againstHIV/AIDS, and 1.8%Males and 0.88% Females among participants who never lived in theurban in their life time was found to have prevention knowledge of Condoms versusHIV/AIDS. As oppose to 36.67% Males and 23.52% Females rural Tanzanians amongparticipants who lived in the urban at least once in their life time was found to haveprevention knowledge of Condoms against HIV/AIDS, and 33.86% Males and 23.27%Females among participants who never lived in the urban in their life time was found tohave satisfactory Individual prevention knowledge of Condoms versus HIV/AIDS.ConclusionIn this research study, Individual Prevention Knowledge of condoms in Both RuralChinese and Tanzanians were found to be low and Condoms are proven an effective meansfor preventing HIV infection in women and men when used properly. The facts on condomsability to prevent HIV/AIDS should be given to rural residents not only in Tanzania andChina but all over the world.(Worldwide). Innovation1. We retrospectively investigated the epidemiology of the HumanImmuno Virus andQuality of life for People living with HIV/AIDS in China.2. It is the first time to assess Individual Prevention Knowledge of Condoms againstHIV/AIDS among rural Chinese and Tanzanians,and the evaluation of the effectiveness andefficacy of condoms on the prevention of HIV/AIDS.