| Traditional Chinese Medical Science has a very long history. Many medical scientists have established their original theories and experiences under the guidance of the book "Neijing". Some of the academic results are kept, whereas, some of them have been eliminated with long-time practice. Those academic achievements that have still been kept are highly esteemed by medical scientists of later generations. Furthermore, diversified schools of thought have been established with succession and impartment. Different schools argue with each other because of different academic points of view, which enriches Traditional Chinese Medical Science and promotes its development. Therefore, researches on different schools in Traditional Chinese Medical Science are beneficial to understand their establishment, development and historical laws. With these studies, it is better for us to make an assessment on the role and position of schools in the history of Traditional Chinese Medical Science. What's more important, with the reflection on the past, we could make the past serve the present, further advance the innovation and development of Traditional Chinese Medical theories, and promote the prosperity and improvement of Traditional Chinese Medical Science in modern time.Objective and MethodologyObjective:Zhongjing's theory on exogenous febrile disease is old-line. A great many famous medical scientists have turned out since then. They have formed their original theories and experiences with some innovation and creation on the basis of ancestors'achievements. We may find or explore the theory construction or clinical experience by making researches on every medical scientist separately. In this way, however, it is hard to organize a complete theory and to deeply understand the value of its academic achievement. Nor can we find out the clear sequence of school development or make a conclusion on precious historical experience in theory on exogenous febrile disease. In the meantime, there hasn't formed a way or standard for differentiating and judging the schools in theory on exogenous febrile disease. What's worse, a systematic research on the preservation, development and practice of schools of theory on exogenous febrile disease in modern time is still blank. Based on the historical tracing of development on the Academic schools of Science about Exogenous Febrile Diseases, The research on schools of theory on exogenous febrile disease in contemporary era can just satisfy the need.Methodology:In this research, Liu Duzhou, Hu Xishu, Xiong Manqi and the 211 subjects are famous veteran doctors of TCM, who engage in the project of "the research on academic thought and experience passing down of famous veteran doctors of TCM" in The 10th Five Years Key Programs for Science and Technology Development of China and the project of "the analysis of contemporary academic schools of famous veteran doctors of TCM" in The National Science and Technology Supporting Plan of the Eleventh Five-year. The research is on their clinical experience, characteristics of intellectual enquiry, academic thought and academic continuance. On this basis, the analysis can be made on the present situation of schools of theory on exogenous febrile disease of famous veteran doctors of TCM in contemporary era. The conclusion can also be made in the following aspects:the background of formation, the succession of passing down, the academic characteristics, clinical characteristics and the development of typical schools of theory on exogenous febrile disease in contemporary era. The concrete methodology is to study it in a longitudinal way first, then in a lateral way. The longitudinal study means document retrieval, collection and reorganization of the information of the 211 famous veteran doctors of TCM, such as their basic state, theories and succession system. At the same time, sifting is made to find out the famous veteran doctors of TCM who are qualified for the schools of theory on exogenous febrile disease in contemporary era. The lateral study is on the basis of longitudinal way. Further analysis of the learning experience of medicine and succession continuance is made on famous veteran doctors of TCM who have just been sifted out from different levels and different angles. And then medical scientists with academic school succession continuance are sifted out. By these means, the analysis and conclusions can be made on the state of schools of theory on exogenous febrile disease in contemporary era, which keep the famous veteran doctors of TCM as the academic core. Finally, objective assessment of schools of theory on exogenous febrile disease is made on their position in the whole academic system of TCM, their development state, the influence on TCM development, the guiding significance of clinical practice, the clinical curative effect and existing problems.Conclusions and ImplicationsConclusions:Through comprehensive analysis, four schools have appeared in the process of development of theory on exogenous febrile disease. They are:Vulcan School, School of Integration of Warmth and Coldness, School of Correspondence on Formula and Syndrome and School of Syndrome-differentiation of the Six Meridians.1. Vulcan School is also called Fuyang School, which is a school of theory on exogenous febrile disease. Zheng qing'an in Qing Dynasty is the grand master of this school. Followers are Lu Zhuzhi, Wu Peiheng, Zhu Weiju, Fan Zhonglin and some contemporary scholars. In theoretical aspect, they highly thought of yangqi. In clinical aspect, they lay stress on supporting yangqi with hot drugs, famous for such pungent and hot drugs as monkshood, ginger (fresh ginger, rhizoma zingiberis, baked ginger) and laurel (cassia, cassia twig). Among them, the choice of monkshood is their preference.2. School of Integration of Warmth and Coldness Coldness means typhoid. Warmth means epidemic febrile disease. The scholars of this school intends to end the separation of coldness and warmth and to incorporate the two in some way of categorical identification (categorical identification in terms of Six Channels, categorical identification in terms of Wei, Qi, Ying and blood System, categorical identification in terms of Eight Classes). Meanwhile, a united, complete and open system of categorical identification of typhoid and epidemic febrile disease is established. The first scholars in this school are Yu Genchu and Wuzhen in the middle of Qing Dynasty. The opinion of categorical identification of typhoid and epidemic febrile disease is the common idea of many scholars of TCM in contemporary era. However, they hold different views on how the two are in categorical identification.3. School of Correspondence on Formula and Syndrome Correspondence on formula and syndrome means syndrome is reflection and formula is for treatment. If clinical syndrome is correspondent with Zhongjing's description (even if only one syndrome), formula can be adopted boldly rather than in the pursuit of correspondence of all aspects as tongue, pulse condition and symptom. In fact, this is a repetition of Zhongjing's treating practice in the past. It is a shortcut of accurate practical use of formula, which can make easy progress from experience in a simple way. The scholars of this school are in pursuit of curable effect by counting on experience in the following aspects: identification of syndrome, formula albertdeng and dosage. With these considerations, close correspondence on formula and syndrome can be achieved to make sure of the best curable effect. The origin of this school dates back to a book of "Supplement to Invaluable Prescriptions for Ready Reference" by Sun Simiao in the early Tang Dynasty. The followers are Xuhong and Keqin. There are also many scholars in favor of this standpoint in contemporary era.4. School of Syndrome-differentiation of the Six Meridians Categorical identification in terms of six meridians is a way that runs through the eight principal syndromes:Yin and Yang; exterior and interior; cold and heat; hypofunction and hyperfunction and connects internal organs as well as energy channel in the process of diagnosing a disease. This school defines a disease, a syndrome and a prescription mainly on the basis of a biological and pathological change of internal organs and energy channel, with consideration of synthetic analysis of cause of disease, nature of disease, location of disease, rise and fall of good and evil. This theory has already been employed in teaching materials of medical colleges in China.This kind of way is commonly adopted in the field of typhoid in contemporary era.Implications:Talents in TCM can be brought up by the following three main and effective methods:reading the classics, learning from the famous troops and conducting the clinical practice, which are also the guarantee of the establishment and development of schools in TCM. The development of schools in TCM in contemporary era can follow these aspects:the development of succession of teaching from a master, the promotion of guidance of a master to an apprentice, the reform of educational system of TCM and the cultivation of elite. Only in this way, favorable conditions can be created for the establishment and development of new academic schools.
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