| Alpinia officinarum Hance is one of the ten famous medical materials in south China, which is extensively utilized in medicine, food and cosmetics industry. The succedaneums and adulterants appear in the long history of application of A. officinarum, so result in drug confusion and therapeutic dfficacy loss. The wild resource of A. officinarum is increasingly exhausted and the germplasm resource lost severely. On the other hand, the cultivated form of A. officinarum is multitude but the genetic diversity is not known clearly, and the identification techniques are hysteresis, especially, the study on genetic diversity and identification on molecular levels are blank. In this paper, we use the medical plant A. officinarum as research object, for the first time, to study the physico-chemical property and genetic diversity of A. officinarum on three levels such as morphological phaenotype, volatil oil components and DNA with a set material, investigate their correlation with geographical distribution and genetic relationship with adulterants, reveal the genetic essence of geoherbalism of A. officinarum, and establish efficient identification system, so as to clarify the genetic background and genetic relationship and to move forward a single step to provid information for germplasm resource conservation, breed selection and standardized growth offer theory data for true-and-false authentication and quality control of A. officinarum. This work has theoretical and practical importance.The main results are as follow:(1)The wet distillation and ultrasonic-petroleun ether extraction were used to extract the volatile oils from A. officinarum and its adulterant A. galangal (L.) Willd from different places, and the volatile oils component were detected by GC-MS. The differences of volatile oils components were compared among A. officinarum and its adulterant A. galangal (L.) Willd from various places, and their volatile oil componets were made clustering analysis according to euclidian distance. The resuts indicate that A. officinarum volatil oils components from various places are diverse. The volatile oil components are extremely obvious defferent betwin A. officinarum and A. galangal (L.) Willd. The samples form Guangdong firstly cluster and subsequently cluster with the sample from Hainan and definitively cluster with A. galangal (L.) Willd. The volatile oil component is relative to geographic distribution, and by analyzing volatile oil component, we could authenticate A. officinarum and A. galangal (L.) Willd.(2)We analyzied the the genetic diversity of A. officinarum of different population from defferent habitat by statisticsing morphological phaenotype data such as trunk height, branches number, leaf length, leaf width, leaf ligula length, leaf mass, inflorescence length, corollalobe length and flabs length, etc..The results discover that there are distinctions in intra-group and inter-group, and the diversity degree of leaf blade characters in A. officinarum wild specides is larger than cultivated species, moreover, the origin of phenotype variation mainly exsits in intro-group. Cluster analysis result indicates that morphous phenotype of A. officinarum has no obvious correlation with geographic distribution.(3)181 genome DNA samples were extracted by modified CTAB method, and these DNA samples were of differet populations of A. officinarum and its adulterant as follow: A. japonica (Thunb.) Miq.),A. chinensis (Retz.) Rosc.and A. galanga (L.) Willd, and optimized AFLP technique was applied to analyze their genetic diversity and genetic relationship. 4 pairs of primers were used to amplificate DNA samples of A. officinarum from differet populations. The result told us that the intro-group diversity was of large dissimilar among different populations, and the populations from famous region had less diversity. Using 6 pairs of primers to amplificate the mixed DNA template of each population individual and detected out 462 sites in all, 418 sites were polymorphic site of the total, and the polymorphic percent was 90.5%, which showed high degree inter-group diversity. The clustering analysis result discovered that the 3 cultural populations from famous region Longtang such as population Xj, Xn and XHn had closer genetic distance, and firstly cluster together, which suggested the genetic essence of genuine A. officinarum, subsequently they cluster with the other A. officinarum populations, simultaneously adulterant A. japonica (Thunb.) Miq. and A. chinensis (Retz.) Rosc. clustered together and two A. galanga (L.) Willd samples clustered for a group. Both the AFLP denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic fingerprint and capillary electrophoresis fingerprint present mark bands or mark peak group for A. officinarum and A. galanga (L.) Willd, so provides significant.marker for authentication of A. officinarum .(4)By applying PCR direct sequencing to detect rDNA ITS sequences for A. officinarum , A. japonica (Thunb.) Miq.),A. chinensis (Retz.) Rosc.and A. galanga (L.) Willd from different habitats, we obtained 802bp sequences of A. officinarum, 800bp sequences of A. japonica (Thunb.) Miq. and A. chinensis (Retz.) Rosc. and 810bp sequences of A. galanga (L.) Willd., which include partial sequences of 18S and 26S and total sequences of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2. Except heterotic sites, the other rDNA ITS sequences of all A. officinarum samples are the same. There are 61 mutation sites in rDNA ITS sequences among A. officinarum and its adulterants, and 60 sites of them are information sites, with a homology of 96.32%. 11 sites in the rDNA ITS sequences are the marker sites for authentication of A. officinarum and its three adulterants.(5)Partial matK gene sequences are detected by PCR direct sequencing, and these sequences are the same to be 1212bp for all samples of A. officinarum and its three adulterants. 2 mutation sites are found in the sampl of Guangxi and the other samples of A. officinarum from different habitats have the same sequences. The homology of all A. officinarum samples is 99.7%. There are 24 mutation sites among A. officinarum and its three adulterants, 22 sites of them are information sites, with a homology of 99%. 1 site in the partial matK gene sequences are the marker sites for authentication of A. officinarum and its three adulterants.(6)The phylogenetic trees based on AFLP, rDNA ITS and matK gene sequences are similar, which indicates that A. officinarum from differet habitats have very close genetic relationship and A. officinarum has closer genetic relationship with A. japonica (Thunb.) Miq. and A. chinensis (Retz.) Rosc. and has far genetic relationship with A. galanga (L.) Willd..According to the results we can make a conclusion: A.officinarum has complex genetic backgrounds, and there is complex immigration growth phenomenon. The valotil oil component of A.officinarum is influenced comparatively large by geographic distribution, the morphous phaenotype is influenced smaller and the genome is relatively stably. The geoherbalism of A.officinarum principally display in germplasm DNA that was formed under the special environ for a long time. A.officinarum distinguishes to its adulterants, and they can be authenticated by physico-chemical property and DNA molecular character.
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