The Study On The Passive Patterns In Beijing Dialect From The Mid-18th Century To The 20th Century

Based on the text corpus of literary or artistic syles in Beijing dialect from the middle of the eighteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, in this dissertation, we make statistical study on the five passive patterns with the passive markers"被(bei)",''给(gei)","'叫(jiao)","教(jiao) " and "让(rang) " of Beijing dialect from the perspective of the linguistic ontology. Furthermore, we use the theory of life cycle, the language economic principle, the prototype theory and family resemblance theory as the theoretical supports of the linguistics ontology study.By collecting and analyzing the five passive patterns in Beijing dialect corpus of the past three hundred years, we a make external analysis of the life cycles and specialization tendency of the five passive patterns, then classify the passive sentence patterns and find out the laws of the passive patterns into the conventional passive sentences and special passive sentences.In the second chapter, according to the differences and the use frequency of the five markers at different stages, we discuss the life cycles of the passive patterns with the five passive markers in the past three hundred years from the synchronic and diachronic angles. The passive pattern with the marker"被(bei) "has always taken the absolute advantage, and it reached the peak with another passive pattern with the marker "给(gei) "in the late 1980-1990s, and the two passive patterns still have great space for development in the future. The"让(rang) " passive pattern peaked in the late 1970s-1980s, and showed a temporary decline. It has still a development space that is uncertain in our study. The"叫(jiao) "passive pattern peaked in the late 1970s-1980s, then decreased obviously. The"教(jiao)"passive pattern developed into the peak in the 1920s-1940s, and then got into rapid decline and fall, only coming out in some individual works. The''给(gei)","让(rang) ",''叫(jiao)","教(jiao) "passive patterns show the rule of development" appear early and fall early"The passive patterns in Beijing dialect also show the distinctive specialization tendency. In the third chapter, we address the problem from the aspects of article style, language style, affective meaning and the meaning independence as a passive marker. The passive patterns have significant specialization tendencies on the article style. The"被(bei) ","给(gei) ","教(jiao) "passive patterns is in the main of the literary style, and the"让(rang) " passive pattern is in the main of the art style, and the''叫(jiao) " passive pattern turns from the art style to the literary style. The language style specialization show an influence on the typical language style mode and the sub-style mode. At the same time, the language style is corresponding to the article style, and the language style is dominant in the language style specialization. With the help of the corpus'collection and statistics, we find out that the five passive patterns express mainly a bad affective meaning in Beijing dialect from a patient's position. So, we make a provision to the passive pattern's grammatical meaning. We think, the universal syntactic meaning of the passive pattern is a narrator's subjective expression that the person who experienced the event unexpected the event; and the core grammatical meaning is a narrator's subjective expression that the patient experienced an unexpected event which was unpleasant.According to the syntactic features and the passive meaning expressions with passive meaning, the five passive patterns in Beijing dialect are divided into two categories:the conventional passive patterns and the special passive patterns. The fourth chapter and the fifth chapter carry out profound analysis of classification and rules of their sentence patterns. The conventional passive patterns are the following:1) The"被(bei) " passive sentence patterns are dominant.2) The"被(bei) " passive sentence patterns are the most diverse, and the"给(gei)' passive sentence patterns are the least.3) The "pm+NP" sentence patterns dominate in the"被(bei) " passive sentence patterns, and " pm+VP" sentence patterns dominate in the"给(gei) " passive sentence patterns. The layout mentioned above is being challenged in the 1970's-1980's. The"给(gei)","让(rang) ",''叫(jiao) ","教(jiao) " passive sentence patterns have only" pm+ NP".4) There is the largest number of the passive sentence patterns whose predicates are single verbs, verb-object structures and verb-complement structures, so the three types are essential in the passive sentence patterns in Beijing dialect, and their life is much longer than any other. In the same passive sentence pattern, the sentence pattern branch that use a core grammatical function into a pattern is more lasting. The special passive patterns:1) They have declined since the middle of eighteenth century, and are rarely used in recent three hundred years. The"被(bei) " passive pattern, which are followed by the"叫(jiao) " passive pattern, dominate in the special passive patterns.2) The"给(gei) " passive pattern is the only passive pattern without special passive patterns.3) The special passive patterns die out collectively after the 1940s.The passive sentence patterns in Beijing dialect follow the following rules:1) the same passive sentence pattern with the different markers follows the rule of "appear early, fall early' 2) The core sentence patterns and the sentence pattern branches that perform a core grammatical function into a pattern are more vigorous.3) The core sentence patterns appeared earlier than the non-core sentence patterns, and the non-core sentence patterns decline earlier than the core sentence patterns. There is a rule "appear late, fall early" between the core sentence patterns and the non-core sentence patterns. The influence of the standard Chinese, language economic principle, the prototype category theory and family resemblance play a direct role in it.