Song Hong Pharmaceutical Economic Research

:Perfume importing trade, and trafficking perfume, and processing production of perfume, and sales of perfume has formed an important perfume-industry in Song Dynasty. This paper investigates the perfume-industry economy in Song Dynasty, such as the foreign perfume tributary trade, folk overseas perfume trade, government's operating perfume, folk sales and production of perfume, other industries associated with perfume, and perfume consumption in turn.In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the rulers encourage foreign tributary trade actively for establishing national political prestige, and then foreign perfume tributary trade develops rapidly. After the middle Northern Song Dynasty, because of financial difficulties, the government has to adopt a pragmatic attitude to the foreign perfume tributary trade, and implements the valuation of reward system to control scale and cost of the tributary trade, and pay attention to their own trade interests. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the foreign perfume tributary trade changes from the original the valuation of reward system to tariff and buying perfume mainly. Therefore, the enthusiasm of overseas countries'tributary trade greatly reduced, and the perfume tributary trade also gradually declines from prosperity. In addition in the Northern Song Dynasty, Land Silk Road's frankincense-based perfume trade don't decline, and continue to gasp the prosperity of that in Tang Dynasty again, and the scale of trade to some extent even more than that in Tang Dynasty, but it is slightly inferior comparing with Sea Silk Road's perfume trade.In Song Dynasty the folk overseas perfume trade is more developed. Most domestic and overseas maritime merchants are financially strong. They operate overseas perfume trade with a large scale. At the same time, many coastal medium and small businessman, boatmen, crew and part of the bureaucracy and nobles were directly or indirectly involved in the overseas trade activities of perfume. In order to solve the capital problem of overseas perfume trade and jointly resist trade risks, the maritime merchants in Song Dynasty adopted capital and capital partnership, as well as capital and labor of partnership system, which is undoubtedly a good system choice and in favor of developing overseas perfume trade at that time. In addition, many factors, such as huge profits, economic disparities between Southeast Asia countries and the Song Dynasty, Shi Bo Si buying and tariff on imported perfume heavily, coastal areas'geographical characteristics, make the overseas perfume trade has always existed in Song Dynasty.The Song government has a prohibiting operation of perfume. On the one hand, The Song government accepts the perfume tributary trade from overseas'and Central Asia's countries; on the other hand, Shi Bo Si buy and tariff on imported perfume. The Song government specifically set up perfume storeroom, and wholesale and directly sell perfume, which results in very high perfume income. The ratio of the total perfume income in the government revenue is as high as2-3%. The total perfume income has played an important role in alleviating the Song government financial difficulties. As a leading role, the Song government plays a dual part of manager and operator in the process of perfume-industry development, but also has some inevitable shortcomings in prohibiting operation of perfume, such as hard to buy and sell, high cost and low efficiency of operating perfume, squeezing out the space for folk perfume-industry development.In Song Dynasty's perfume-industry economy, the Government introduced the operating system with the industrial and commercial profits, and so folk merchants and craftsmen obtain a larger perfume business space. The development of folk perfume-industry economy has some effects on the economy and society in Song Dynasty. Firstly, to some extent, it not only expands and enliven the social commodity circulation market, but also enhances the strength of the commodity economy, and promotes the economic prosperity of the social commodities in Song Dynasty; secondly, it increases the number of employment opportunities for common people; thirdly, it increases the government's business tax revenue.The perfume-industry economy has very high correlation in Song Dynasty. The perfume not only used their own in production, perfume appliance production, and has become a huge industry, but also used in catering industry, wine industry, ink industry, tea industry, pharmaceutical industry, ceramic industry, construction industry, equipment production and other industrial production, and plays an important role in enriching the content of these industries to a large extent, and adds fresh vitality to the development of these industries, and promotes the economic development of these industries.Perfume consumption is not only the terminus of perfume-industry economy, but also the starting point in Song Dynasty. Except being consumed luxuriously by the upper class, the perfume begins to be consumed in large quantities by the underclass civilians in their daily life. In addition, the Song government's official activities, and social medical care, and religious life are inseparable from the perfume consumption. Perfume consumption in Song society has become a popular form of consumption, and the social consumption demand for perfume is huge, which has become an important part of the total consumption of Song society. The huge perfume consumption in Song Dynasty provides a continuous impetus to the development of perfume-industry economy.The perfume-industry economy is a large industrial economy in Song Dynasty, which is second only to salt industry, tea industry and wine industry at that time. It is an organic part of the Song's social economy, and occupies an important position in the Song's social economy.