| In recent years, new archaeological theory, method and technique have made big progress, and multi-subject research has become more apparent and lots of natural scientific techniques have been applied into archeological research. On the background, not only pre-history but also historical archaeology requires new theories, methods and techniques. In Shandong, the archeological pedigree of Shang dynasty had been set up, so the archaeologists applied more new theories, methods and techniques into their research. And research area has changed from chronology to society in which human is in principal status. The research also relates to many contents, such as circumstance, polity, economic structure, and so on. And research subject has changed from pottery, bronze to stone tools, animal bones and botany propagation. And research category has been expanded to lower classes, and research method has become more complicate, and research content has become more and more synthetical. This synthetical research on Daxinzhuang site just is the pursue on that academic background.For a long time, the scholars have done some research about social production and social organization, but they only paid more attention to several matters, such as bronzes, potteries and jades, etc. Very few people have paid attention to ground stone tools, especially in historical period. In china, the research on ground stone tools focused on pre-historical stone typology, and then used the conclusion to study the communication and the influence between different cultural communities. The research on technology and function of the ground stone tools still is in the preliminary stages. Some issues, such as lithic resource, theories and the methods have not been set up. The scholars used to do research on individual case and rarely give synthetical research on ground stone tools. Except Liji and Anzhimin, no other scholars have paid any attention to ground stone tools in historical period. There is a long distance between the research works and the ancient social production and organization information which ground stone tools contained.The research on the ground stone tools abroad mainly focused on the area of the technology, category and resource etc. Both the theory and the method are riper. Production of ground stone tools which is a kind of important activity in the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age can reflect the course and change of social production organization, and the technology is the thermometer of the social cultural changes. With the research on the resource, technology and function of the stone tools, we could get more information about social production and institutional framework, and then could restore the ancient society in an all-round way.Just as stone tools research specialist Shen Chen pointed out, the production system of the stone tools had reflected a relate production process, which included raw materials obtaining correlated with the input and exchange of the products, the production and the use of ground stone related to surviving strategy, the production and social activities is relevant with the workforce assignment and use and maintenances of specialized tools, and the social organization reflected by the model of space distribution of the production, exchange and product trade. Among them, the obtaining of the raw materials of the stone tools, its production and use (consuming) are two basic levels in this production process. Through the research of the production and use of ground stone tools, we can infer people'ssubsistence strategy and investigate on the complexity of social production at that time, and it is convenient for us to understand the internal cause and the external one of cultural changes from different angles. Based on the above understanding and considering the present research of Daxinzhuang site, this article, as a branch subject of comprehensive research of this site, will focus on basic level including developmental strategy on raw materials, productive technology and the use pattern of the ground stone tools, in order to explore a new thinking of the ground stone tools research method and research angle in historical period.The dissertation is divided into seven parts.Chapter one: the preface. Section one, the research object and the purpose. The research object is the assemblege of ground stone tools of Shang dynasty unearthed from the Daxinzhuang site in 1984 and 2003. The research purpose: 1) Set examples of the classification research based on the function and the technology.2) Revise the producing technology and the use pattern, and have a general idea of the stone tools productive industry of the Shang dynasty in Daxinzhuang site. Section two, the summary of the research progress of stone tool in recent years in China and abroad. Section three, a few theories interrelated, including the stone tool productive system, and the ethnology proofs. Section four, the research design and issues. It is divided into three levels. In microscopic, as far as is concerned to ground stone tools themselves, firstly, we conform the stone tools pattern, including production technique and the use, secondly, research the change of stone tools production pattern, thirdly, rebuild the stone tools' production organization system. Research question: 1). How did the stone tools produce of Shang dynasty in Daxinzhuang site? 2). What was the use pattern of Shang dynasty stone tools of Daxinzhuang? How about their functions? 3). What was the change of the stone tools' production model? 4). How to organize the stone tools' production? This dissertation mainly discusses first level and former two questions.Chapter two: the archaeological work in Daxinzhuang site. Section one, giving an introduction to its geographical environment and geological conditions. Section two, summary of the archaeological work and researches these years. Systematic regional survey in the east of Jinan in 2003 and new methods and techniques applied to the excavation in Daxinzhuang site, collecting datas from all sides, multi-subject cooperation, integrated study, have done much good for us to restore Shang Dynasty's society more comprehensively. And it also make it possible to engage on the problems related. Section three, the period and time of Shang culture in Daxinzhuang site.Chapter three: introduction to the research methods of the stone tools in Shang dynasty on Daxinzhuang site. It mainly includes synthetic analysis method, mathematical statistics and quantitative method in technique analysis, experimental archaeology, use-wear analysis on function, space analysis which is used to find the function of the site and the human activity information which the site reflected, the resource research by geological investigation and slice analysis, debitage analysis which can afford the information of production process and techniques entirely. Because of this research fact and diversity of research methods, we have many choices.Chapter four: classification of the stone tools assemblage of Shang dynasty in Daxinzhuang site. For a long time, the ground stone tool was classified only by its shape, and scholars got a conclusion on its function. But the shape could not reflect its realcultural meaning, and it also lacks standards in describing terms and methodology. So it is important for us to set up a criteria of classification, which is fit for our research. For the classification of the ground stone tools, if we consider technique firstly, we may easily understand the diversity of stone tools decided by their functions and styles.Just as George H. Odell's consideration, the classification of ground stone tool should consider its production and use, because from the production angle, we just think of their shape, but from the use angle, the type was designed by its function. Shen chen also put forward the conception of "technique typology". He made a point that the classification should base on the techniques. By common consent, morphological classification which based on the stone implement production step by step is the best way to describe the stone tools assemblage.This dissertation firstly gives the definition of the stone tools' catalogues and variability, which can reflect stone implement making technique and its function, and establishes a multi-criteria of classification. It can be divided into blank, formed pieces and debitage in production process. And in formed samples, we can divided them into fourteen kinds by their function, named grinding stone, ground stone adzes, axe, sickle, arrow, spear, shovel, knife, chisel, hammer, pestle, net ornament, Yue, and unknown thing. In each type, according to each kind of stone implement's technique, we have a synthetical consideration on the type of blank, the shape of stone implement's plane and cross section, the plan shape of the use surface, the shape of cross section, quantity, size and distribution form, the pattern of pecking and grinding, the model of the drill and its technique, and whether there is a second-work.Chapter five: analysis of the stone tools production technology of Shang dynasty of Daxinzhuang site. The stone tools' production is the process of raw materials' reduction, which involves the production and utilization of these special aims, including the pursuit of raw materials, the whole procedure of divesting core, utilization, maintenance and discard. It is also a complexity of the procedure of divesting, pecking, hitting, grinding, drilling and carving.In this chapter, the analysis is focused on stone stool technology in Daxin zhuang in the following aspects: the purchasing strategy of raw materials which were used by the ancient people in Shang Dynasty, the production technique of ground stone tools, the statistics of stone tool technology and so on. Firstly, technological terms are defined. Secondly, an analysis is made on the source of raw materials of stone tools in Daxinzhuang site on the basis of geological survey and analysis on stone tool samples. Moreover, the characteristics of the manufacturing technique of stone tools in Daxinzhuang site of Shang Dynasty are obtained by observing all individual sample with magnifying glass and microscope as well as recording the fragmentary information of the manufacturing techniques revealed by the samples. Finally, data of the stone tool samples of Shang Dynasty is gathered and a quantitative analysis of the manufacturing technique of the stone tools is carried on the basis of such data, in which stone sickle, knife, shade and axe etc. are chosen as samples for their great amount and great statistic meaning. The whole analysis indicates that the appearance and technological characteristics of stone tool culture have taken the utilization modes and functions of such stone tools into consideration.Chapter six: analysis of the use mode of the stone tools of Daxinzhuang in Shang Dynasty. Compared with the use in human behavior, function has larger social culturalmeaning and function analysis and use research should be considered separately. The use mode of the main research of this text is the foundation analyzed by a function and basic content, namely to stone tool of edge wearing and tearing research, including work way of tool and the research of working material. It can offer us the information how the tool and relevant material is worn and torn directly.There are two methods by which we can obtain function information from stone tool itself. Firstly, from the course of use of the tool itself, Secondly, from the remained materials under the course of use or from the surface of the tool. Use-wear analysis is the way to observe scar, streak, polish and etc., which are formed in during implement use, infer its formation mechanism, use pattern and working materials etc., thus infer its use.This dissertation uses the low time of laws (<100 times) to observe some samples, based mainly on the slight damage of main foundation and wearing and tearing the association characteristic of the mark, to observe the movement way of the tool and distinguish the worked material. Then we can make more comprehensive recovering of the possible use mode of the type of the tool with such methods as combining the ethnological materials, documents, unearthed archaeological materials and the synthesis of the site material.Certainly, whether the conclusion is correct or not remains to be corrected. But it is regarded as essential and feasible to treat this text as one between method and exploration of practice that function study. This article only choose some samples of which the microwear characteristic is obvious, including stone axes, Yues, grinding stones, shovels, sickles, knives, arrowheads, lances and stone drills, etc., and comparatively carefully make the judgment according to its use mode.Chapter seven: conclusion. Section one, summarize the model of the stone tools' production techniques in Daxinzhuang site. Section two, summarize the use mode of the ground stone tools in Daxinzhuang. Section three, some thoughts about theories and methods on ground stone tools research. First one is the research content, we should do the all-round analysis from the angle of stone tools' production process, including blank and debitage as only this can provide us with the information on ancient social production. Secondly, we should have the change on research level. Production and use are the lowest level of our ground stone tools research, and the final purpose of our research is making those conclusions as the base for the research on the change of techniques, social production and organization, economic pattern and settlement archaeology. Thirdly, this is an attempt on the research methods. Such as the classification based on techniques and functions, the necessities of synthetic research, which include data collection, the cooperation of multi-subjects and their conclusion proved with each other, the quantitative analysis about technique, microwear analysis in the function research working, etc. All those work need us to testify whether it is scientific and possible in practice. Section four, cite the short of the dissertation and conform the future research project.
|
PDF Full Text Request