A Survey Of Human Nature In Ontological Context

After Hume, all cultural styles should return to human nature and be given critical examinations. In modernization progress, the modernity conflict of human nature, especially the non-typical modernity in China is to come to rush out in more than 20 years, while western countries were in several hundred years to accumulate these conflicts. The conflict in society, the conflict between tradition and modernity, the internal conflict of metaphysics and realism of human nature are becoming more and more intense, so the problem of human nature is sharp and in urgency for us to resolve. However, most of the solvability of the problems of human nature belongs to moral quality from the experience level, or explains by outside principle, and thus has no "root" in the comprehension of human nature problem. We should unify the human nature and ontology internally; examine the human nature from the ontology survey. That effort can clarify what "should"the human nature be theoretically, at the same time, develop the human being's internal nature and transcendence from the Marx philosophy view, and can also make modernity of China healthy and reasonably. Ontological ultimate concern about "ultimate being, ultimate explanation, and ultimate value" is in accordance with the human being's desire of the utmost good. If we have no internal expect to the metaphysics transcendence, the human being will lost the inside foundation. The ontological pursue of metaphysics and transcendence is why the human being is human being. From this point of view, the ontology is a theoretical expression of the human being's nature; the human nature is then the instinctive expression of the ontology. The ancient ontology was a whole, and a constituted essence of the physical being which also provided the natural basis for the world; provided the ideal basis for human being's meaning nature. This idea basis was good. Since good was the root of the human nature, taking good as "Noumenon"embodied the transcendence of the human nature, It is thus clear that ontology was homogeneous with the human being's nature from the very beginning. The aim of suppose the ontology is to shine on the living state of human being, and to remind that the human being should transcend the current survival condition, and thus incline to the utmost good. The epistemology turning of modern western philosophy eliminated the ontology in the epistemology, and treated the human nature as thought or conscious nature, in spite of the character and practical quality of individual. According to this reason, the whole modern philosophy thus ultimately returned the value and freedom of human being to active creation of nature. Human nature as the essence of consciousness and epistemology attained the internal unify with the ontology. Empiricism treated the knowledge simply as the sense being stimulated by the outside thing, and the human being's thinking could only be ready-made, or deled with the feeling and experience passively. Such cognition principle stressed the body's impressibility; the human being's main contents of nature therefore came down to the impressibility of the body .The human being's active nature was covered by the passive nature. In fact, regarding human nature whether as rationalism, or as empiricism are both unilateralists, and only after Hume can arrive at the identification that the sensibility and reason were both of the unilateralists of the human nature, yet each had their own limits. However, Hume still attributed the human reason nature to the activity in the experience scope, far from the rationalism, which treated the reason as the basic principle of knowledge consciously. Rationalism ascribed the universality and inevitability of knowledge to self-consciousness thus affirmed the humanism principle, that is, the being of "I" was the basic of truth, and affirmed rationalism principle that confirmed thinking is human's essentiality. The nature of human being was reason. The conformability to the human beings'natural exist was to conform the reason natural exist. The humanbeing's natural desire should conform to the principle of reason, and that was what we called "good", then the natural desire which transcended the ethic principle and the principle founded on practical reason was the evil of non-nature. The nature of human being by rationalism used the reason principle as the widespread principle to grasp the desire of human being, which indicated that the human being have ego consciousness, self-reflection of free nature. But callback to reason continually will sink into the everlasting revert of the hermeneutic circulation of the human being's consciousness, rather than the essence power of the human being can only give the definite evidence by means of practice, as a result, the self-conscious of reason of the rationalism was also an unilateral understanding of human being. That the method of regarding logically preexists "thought" as the epistemological principle is "the essence is preexistence to the being"in ontological context. Examine human nature by the ontological context of" the essence is preexistence to the being", the human nature was aprioristically confirmed, and self-sufficient, or was pure natural, or be abstracted as pure reason. This essence was inborn, preceding, eternal, identical, and which determined all things about human being, such as what kind of an individual is, what the character the human's action is, even what the destiny of human. As a result, the human being became passive and ready-made existing, being deprived of rich historical content. "The essence is preexistence to the being"is an idea that separates the two, once this separation been taken shape absolutely, their self-limitation would expose. In practice, modernistic human nature would necessarily run into unilateralism too. The German classic philosophy had awaken to this problem, so, they insisted on" human nature revolution", released the human essentiality from suppress of the desire of outside things, and returned the human essentiality to himself. Kant returned his philosophy to the problem of "what human is." Through the reviewing of the reason ability, he consigned the reason to freedom at last. The freedom is the best kind wills of human, which wasdharma itself, he called it the "utmost good ". The "utmost good" was the essentiality of human, and it was transcendent impulse and will that a person had in himself; so Kant comprehended human as a metaphysical and transcendent existent. Hegel also considered the human essentiality as the freedom character of ego movement and of Absolute Spirit definitively, only human had his freedom. But Hegel's "Absolute Spirit"regarded human reason as absoluteness, and then human had been deprived of person's different quality factor. The consequence is, human reason became "the reason without body". The modern philosophy aimed at the demerit of Hegel, cleared up the traditional ontology, dropped human nature to the realistic living world, and used person's emotionality and non-rationality as human essentiality to resist human reason essentiality of traditional ontology. Human nature was fluidity in living world, human essentiality was rest on the free choice, as a result, and the modern philosophy took "the being is preexistence to the essence" as survey scopes of human nature. But" the essence is preexistence to the being " and " the being is preexistence to the essence ", even "the being is the essence" which proposed by Heidegger is all unilateral, they all set existence and essence apart. So, post-modern philosophy used the gesture of anti-hypostatic doctrine, jumped out the traditional philosophic method, used the free frolic of the language and the game of destruction off the text pierced through the "hypostatic doctrine" compulsory, ascribed human essentiality to non-essentiality, put the human nature essence to an end. We must think much of the acuity of the problem that post-modern philosophy hints, but also watch out the non-reason attitude of "absolutely non-identity". The problem is the free frolic without hypostatic can't offer any help, as long as mankind exist, life impulsion of pursuing the reasonability and ideality can't be stopped, the human nature requires theories to rest on, and an hypostatic promise inevitably. Marx treated traditional ontology reasonably with person's sensibility practices, solved the separation of reality and phenomenon, andalways kept the ontological commitment of "human nature liberation" in the practice and theories of changing the world. Under this commitment, Marx identified that the freedom and self-consciousness was human Categorical Nature, on the other hand, he cast human essentiality into the concrete society practice historically in realistic social relation. After historically occupied their own productivity and material wealth completely, the freedom and completely development of human being's nature was shown. Transience of human nature that ontology emphasizes the free awareness to self that Marx understood about human nature, sociality that based on the sensitive practices, and the historical process of human nature, the dialectical unifies of all the above hint us that human nature is something of metaphysics that could overcome and transcendent one's restriction. This natural character of human represented as creative quality, transcend quality, ideal quality and opening quality in existing activities of a person. The human metaphysics did not reject the human nature, and regarded human nature as sensitive object of metaphysics, attributes human being's nature to the inevitability, which is the regulation system of consciousness. In this human nature system, human essentiality "should" mainly be embodied as: human essentiality was the dialectical unify of natural limited and supernatural limited; human essentiality is the dialectical unify of reason and non-reason; human essentiality is the dialectical unify of ideal and actuality; human essentiality is the dialectical unify of free of consciousness and sensitive practices. Self-contradict source in modernistic human nature consists in person's bend over to the unlimited exploitation of desire. The human lost the directions of reflection, as a result, human nature turns into one-sidedness that runs short of metaphysical pursue. So, the internality and externality dialectical unify of human being's nature, comes to an end of unifying into spirit, with person's spirit rules over person's body, and carries out it into historic view. So the creation of human nature has the guideline of metaphysics. The Chinese traditional philosophy made an appeal to person's intuitional experiences, and this was preexist theory's construct that regarded value as the mainly element, itwas different from western knowledge theory system. "Nature's Tao namely human Tao", unified the person's metaphysical pursue with the human moral relative, this showed human natural was to develop dharma, and perfected the goodness of dharma. Because the desire of outside things would erode the person's inside spirit, the Chinese traditional philosophy wanted to get ride of the drag by the excessive things, to be absorbed in the heart accomplishment, and achieved the state of "becoming Man and Grand Man". But the wisdom of exist based on agriculture society once were forced by outside modernity of western, the human nature's contradiction then visualized now as the conflict of good nature and the evil of non-nature, the conflict of dharma and reason, the conflict of human's social nature and individual nature. The western dominion words, which emphasize the validity of desire, have not integrated with traditional Chinese culture yet. As a result, the process of Chinese modernization contains the possibility of shed off from the groundwork of the traditional culture spirit. Promoting national modernity should keep the "root", so that we can make the Chinese modernity human nature outspread historically with the method of conforming with the man's natural character, that is a responsibility that the Chinese modern philosophy should undertake. So we want to use the Chinese traditional culture to rule over the western philosophy, enhance the dialogue and intercommunion between Chinese and western Marxist, do it from the basis, and construct the philosophy theories that represent our national style and manner, put the history and future into present, make man facing opening history in the future, and occupy the full essentiality with a complete human being.