The Studies Of Descriptive Adverbials In Modern Chinese

The paper states concrete studies of Chinese descriptive adverbials based on the construction theory of grammar and vocabulary. Starting with the studies of "地 (de)", that is a prepositional article of Modern Chinese, it analyzes in detail not only constructive characteristics and grammatical manifestations of descriptive adverbials but also its relations to grammatical constituents like adjectives and complements. And it interprets and explains the cognitive semantic characteristics of descriptive advervials through such grammatical methods of analyses as change of sentence patterns, comparisons and analysis of element factors of vocaburaly. The text explains on cognitivism the reason why "地" appears and disappears in Modern Chinese through analyzing the functions and the meanings of "地" from the viewpoints of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. And it tries to interpret methodically how behavior and actions are described and how un-typical grammatical positions are used to describe a certain content on semantics. In addition to them, the paper demonstrates some viewpoints (results) of these studies through comparing to Japanese adverbials.Chapter One: An introductionThis chapter states the present situation of the studies of Modern Chinese adverbials and points the insufficient parts of the studies, especially the studies of descriptive adverbials. Then the text explains the value , the process, the theories and methods of the studies of the paper.Chapter Two:"地" and its descriptivenessThis chapter groups adverbials under three contents, or the one which needs "地", the one which rejects "地" and the one which has the both cases, and analyzes the difference between each case. Then it is proved that "地" has descrptive functions through the function and the meaning of "地" appeared on each side of semantics and pragmatics and the comparison of the both cases which adverbials need "地" or not. On the basis of this, the text shows that "地" is a marker of desceiptive adverbials, and defines the very core of the studies.Chapter Three: Semantic orientation and grouping of descriptive adverbialsThis chapter explains the relation between semantic orientation and descriptiveness of descriptive adverbials at first. It is that descriptive adverbials describe semantic orientational object. Then descriptive adverbials are grouped under the each type of outer-sentence orientational one inner-sentence orientational one. The scope of the studies is decided on inner-sentence orientational descriptive adverbials. Semanticorientation of descriptive adverbials are complex, however, it can not always rejiect the subjective factors of analysts. To remove this problem make it the theoretical framework that states of things and phases of behavior and actions which descriptive advervials have, and inner-orientational descriptive adverbials are grouped under 5 categories, namely subject-describing, object-describing, predicate-describing, subject/predicate-describing and predicate/object-describing.Chapter Four: Subject-describing descriptive adverbials Subject-describing descriptive adverbial is adverbial which describes the states or the phases of subject. This chapter analyzes subject-describing descrptive adverbials viewed from each angle of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The text analyzes the constituents equivalent to the subject, the predicate and the descrptive adverbials of a sentence, the semantic relations between descriptive adverbials and subject or predicate, and the works of descriptive adverbials on the usage of certain constituents and so on.Chapter Five: Object-describing descriptive adverbialsObject-describing descriptive adverbial is adverbial which describes the things' states revealed by the object. This chapter analyzes object-describing descriptive adverbials viewed from each angle of syntax, semantics and pragmatics.Chapter Six: Predicate-describing descriptive adverbials Predicate-describing descriptive adverbials is adverbial which describes the phases of actions. This chapter analyzes predicate-describing descriptive adverbials viewd from each angle of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The text also mentions that adverbials and complements have the sameness on cognitive point of view.Chapter Seven: Subject/predicate-describing descriptive adverbials Subject/predicate-describing descriptive adverbial is adverbial which describes subject and predicate at the same time. That means this adverbial plays the both roles, the one describing the things' states revealed by the object and the one describing the behavior and actions revealed by the predicate. This chapter analyzes at First the characteristics of subject/predicate-describing descriptive adverbials viewed from each angle of syntax, semantics and pragmatics.Chapter Eight: Predicate/object-describing descriptive adverbials Predicate/object-describing descriptive adverbial is adverbial which describes the behavior and actions revealed by the predicate and the things' states revealed by the object at the same time. This chapter analyzes predicate/object-describing descriptive adverbials viewed from each angle of syntax, semantics and pragmatics.Chapter Nine: Semantic explanations of " ife" and explanations of the sameness of descriptive constituentsThis chapter mainly explains the points of the studies starting with semantic explanations of "ife". "ife" in Modern Chinese shows that the distance in terms of syntax between an adverbial and a predicate gives an agreement with the distance in terns of the field of human's general idea. This means "ife" is what the fields of the human's image scheme of distance are embodied on grammar. When constituents like a clause; a noun and a verb which are un-typically put on grammatical position of adverbials are put on the location of adverbials; the constituents need to take "ife". A certain mark is necessary when these constituents join with other verbs again; "tfe" exactly plays the role. This is supposed to show semantic compulsion when different linguistic constructive constituents appear on the same sentence.This chapter also explains that descriptive constituents universally has the sameness on semantic functions. Semantic sameness between adverbials; adjectives and complements on a sentence of predicate/object-describing descriptve adverbials is demonstrated by the method of change of sentence patterns. By the comparison with Japanese; it is clear that Japanese also has semantic sameness between adjectives and adverbials.Chapter Ten: The conclusionThis chapter completes the core viewpoints; the solved problems and the distinguishing characteristics; and states unsolved problems to be researched further.