The Study Of Early Russian Parties

The period from late 19 century to early 20 century is a turbulent and turning period in Russia. During this period all political parties established played very important roles in pushing history forward, as active participates in social life. Austrians have been focusing on Russian political parties'activities which is studied and introduced thoroughly and objectively in my paper. There are six chapters in my paper except Introduction and conclusion.I mainly introduce social prerequisites for Russian political parties emergence during this period in first chapter. With Russian economy's development and contact with western European countries, liberalism began to be spread in Russia and Russian social structure started to be changed. Traditional social base and estate system was damaged. Because of the landlord economy's recession, noble class must be subjected to a social political crisis, and the number of noble class who owned the l and decreased greatly. The social base which Tsar Autocracy lived in began to shake. Professional Bureaucrat controlled the whole country's power in late 19 century, and was in charge of national tusks. Peasants began to polarize, who had lost their land and farming materials. They became real proletarians and free professional people, the first large scale employees. They joined the army of workers. Russian proletarians had emerged as an independent class in early classes emerged and social structure became complicated. Russian liberation movement entered a new period, the proletarian period, in middle 1990s. Capital economy's development and social structures change became the base for Russian early political parties emergence and development.Russian intellectuals were different from western ones. First, Russian intellectual class origin decided that they should be responsible for Russian society. They actively took part in social movements in order to wake up people and try to influence the whole society under Tsar Autocracy's domestic policies. Second, Russian political parties shoot didn't grow from bottom to up, but it was taught by intellectuals from up to bottom. Third, most political leaders were intellectuals who formed Russian political party leadership group.I mainly described the emergence of Russian political parties and their guiding documents in chapter two. National party protected minority people's benefits during this period. They played an important role in national liberation revolution and Russian social movements. National reviving ideas were functional in the process of establishing national party who had the following features: First, national party emerged under European liberalism, Russian liberalism, social parties in different area developed variously. Third, the revolution in 1905 influenced their emergence and development greatly. Fourth, Russian national party hadn't common sense with Russian social democratic party.I expound the function of Russian political parties in 1905's revolution in chapter three. Although Russian bourgeoisies was weak and had obvious dual characters, in contributed to this revolution. Local organs of self-government and their autonomous movement were against the rule of Tsar Autocracy, which pushed Russian society forward. Russian liberalists joined the army of workers and farmers. The leftist in liberation alliance and local organs of self-government launched constitutional movement which were against Tsar Autocracy and were for the development of capitalism. The combination of constitutional movement and the revolution of workers and farmers made 1905's revolution possible. Social revolutionary party enlarged their influence among workers and farmers as representatives of farmers and small capitalist class. They played an important role during 1905 to 1907 revolution. Social democrat focused on the discussion of the nature of the proletarian party as the representatives of the proletariats. Bolshevik and Mensheviks functions were very limited compared with constitutional democrat and social revolutionary party.I mainly introduced all political parties struggling strategies during"six-three"reactionary period, after which all political parties were facing serious political crisis in chapter four Bolshevik and Menshevik were separated in the end in 1912. Social revolutionary party mainly focused on reaching compromise with Tsar Autocracy. The big capitalist class and the reactionary landlord combined with Tsar Autocracy were against the revolutionary movements. The reactionary period from 1910 to 1914 is an important period for working class's development. Workers movement reached its climax with the development of industry.I mainly introduced each party's attitude and strategy towards the First World War which speeded up the Russian revolution. Tsar autocracy had no ability to save its failure which made social economic contradiction sharp. It led to the"February Revolution"that overthrew the rule of Tsar Autocracy.Constitutional democrat controlled the movement among the capitalist parties, but they declared that they would struggle to the end without paying attention to people's desire for peace and land. People lost their trust to them after three ruling crises. Bolshevik whose leader was Lenin were against the war and ready for new revolution. People were for Bolshevik. Because Menshevik and social revolutionary party continued to carry compromise, even established a new government with the capitalist class, they lost their valuable chance in the end. Russia's change home and abroad led to"October Revolution"after"February Revolution". In one word, Bolshevik carried out a set of flexi able policies to meet people's need, so they won the victory of October revolution, and established the first state power of soviet.I focus on Russian multi-party system was trans formed to one-party system and analyze the reasons why Bolshevik could win the revolution in chapter six. The other political parties including Menshevik enemies the new Soviet power, even launched anti-revolutionary movement, which led to domestic war. Russian people finally won the victory led by Bolshevik.The reasons why Bolshevik could obtained the victory at last and multi-party system could be transformed to one-party system during late 19 century to early 20 century are the following points: First, Bolshevik theory was suitable for Russian proletarian revolutions need. Second, strict principles were very important for Bolsheviks success. Third, the contra diction between Bolshevik and left social revolutionary party about whether signing a peace contract with German and requisitioning of extra grain is the direct factor. Last, traditional Russian autocracy influenced one-party systems emergence greatly. There was no democratic equipment and culture in Russian society and people didn't have thus social experience before October Revolution. The other political parties couldn't understand and cooperate with Bolshevik after overthrowing Tsar Autocracy. They often solved their differences by using violence and terror rustic means, which is an important element for one-party systems establishment.The study Russian political parties during this period will help us to understand the present party's political system and predict its direction of future development.