"Discover" Another Seventeenth Century

The article will start off with the perspective of civilization,on the basis of grasping historical material sufficiently, absorbing and using home and abroad academic study result for reference sufficiently,and from many angles, many factors, the multiple echelons fields to seek the true situation about specially appointed space-time of Western civilization. The aim is, by a meticulous and deepgoing examination of the Long Seventeenth Century(about 1580-1720) Western civilization's interactive relations about ecology, climate, thought, culture, military affairs, population, society, political and economy, and so on, which probably come into being efficacy in the history of civilization progress, to get rid of eurocentrism inclination and some of their important effect, for example, emphasizing necessity, ignoring contingency, the event's coupling, and anachronism. The contingency in the development and transformation of civilization and the possibility of diversified road of development will be emphasized and the interactive connections about the above-mentioned factors will be announced in the progress of western civilization. It will help people to know that originally real state of the seventeenth century Western civilization and explore the richness of contingency in the civilization development and the diversification, pluralism and complexity in the process of history development, then make reconstruction about development views of the Western civilization. At the same time, through connection with the transformation of western history science and the studies about the seventeenth century western civilization by the groves of western academe, their relation and the knowledge about the trend and direction of European and American history sciences will be sought and deepened, and the experiences and lessons will be drawn from them.Full article is three major parts: introduction, text and conclusion part. The introduction part is about the selection causes of the topic, questions and arrangement about the content of text. Text part is divided into seven chapters. First chapter analyses relevance research result of the groves of academe to point out its achievement and deficiency and look for the writing direction of the article. At the same time, the relation of transformation of western history science and the studies about the seventeenth century western civilization by the groves of western academe is analyzed here. And, Fundamental writing thoughts, methods and some concepts is analyzed here, also.Second chapters carry out analysis on seventeenth century Western civilization mainly with regard to ecology and climate aspect. By the fact of conditional changing to carry out concrete analysis on the ecology and climate of the seventeenth century Western civilization, and point out the enormous effect about climate changes to agriculture and animal husbandry, for example, Optimum of period of agriculture growth curtailing, output coming down, the line of agriculture vegetation areas involution, etc. And the answer measures of the western civilization will be pointed out, included that the kinds adopted new cultivation system, cultivating new crops, reforming crops, applying ways expanding agriculture lands, like as Lake Reclamation, and using new technique methods; Changed dietary habit; imported and restricted grain exportion, and so on. Subsequently, famines, plagues and epidemic diseases which the climate lead to will be analyzed, and their frequency and enormous harmfulness will be pointed out. Have discussed the important effect of climatic and ecological factor in developing in decision human civilization finally, it is a part of civilization transformation and to some extend, the climate changes led to the possibility of the sources of energy reforms and human being life-style transformation in the future will be pointed out.The third chapter mainly studies the "extraordinarily" events of the spirit and the cultural layer of seventeenth century Western civilization. In this chapter, the spirit and culture phenomena of religious intolerance, witch hunt, science revolution, the flourishing of literature and arts and enlightment will be analyzed. From the study, anachronism implied in the relevant study results and the serious problems of the spiritual and cultural development in the seventeenth century Western civilization will be pointed out. And science, reason and religion piety began to accumulate strength, fuse and collide each other, more or less, will be reflected. This reflects the coexistence state of mind that self-examine, advance bravely, perplexed. But this gives a chance and provides an alternative road of development which is secularization to western civilization. As a result, the spiritual cultural problems of the seventeenth century Western civilization can be rated as "dancing in irons".The fourth chapter carries out investigation and discussion on military affairs and wars of the seventeenth century western civilization and points out that the change about wars occurrence frequencies, intensity and extent, causes diversification, and some features: religionism, dynasticism and more and more commercialism. This starts a new war history. Then, the experience of Military Revolution, "the century of the soldier" and some misunderstandings about these will be analyzed in this chapter. Finally, the Article will point out the effect that the military affairs and wars to the development of Western civilization, and emphatically point out the powerful conflict of military affairs and wars having poured in new vigor for the tradition social structure. It has driven Western civilization to change in transformation and development, such as administration and management systems, tax system, industry by exerting various pressures to gain the chance for improvment and creation.Meanwhile, it brought enormous destroy, such as great military spending, population loss, etc. It also produced a series of chain reaction, such as devastated economy and society and left hidden troubles. The fifth chapter analyses the population and society of the seventeenth century. First, problems and trend of the population will be pointed out: plagues, epidemic diseases, wars, marriage and measure for fertility precautions, hygiene and medical treatment lagged lead to population size coming down. Then, a variety of problems appeared in social structure will be analyzed: peasant's survival circumstances worsened, a large amount of vagrants, pauperization of people, social strains and conflicts. Finally, the crisis which the population pressure led to and the changes of control methods for stabilized society and controlled society will be analyzed.The sixth chapter analyses the western civilization and the external worlds under placing Western civilization in the whole world background, then analyses the Ottoman Empire's importance to the making and development of western civilization, and points out western civilization still have no strength to head the whole world in the seventeenth century. Nowadays, to this, the groves of western academe have space-time mistakes of unification, one-dimension and one-way.Above-mentioned analysis will sum up in the conclusion part. Enormous effect of contingency which is blocked by necessity in history transformation and development, and dynamic balance of history development and the importance of subsystem what is ignored, such as climate, will be pointed out. The self-construction of seventeenth century Western civilization came true in chaos and disorder, and strength of disorder and order, organization strength congregate together broke up, opposed and conflicted, but just these forged and preserved Western civilization.