Monographic Study On Sentence Patterns In Jixiaoxinshu

This dissertation studies the syntax in"JiXiaoXinShu"(纪效新书),mainly including the study of Dispoal Constraction,the"有"sentence,the"在"sentence,the"是"sentence and verb-complementary structure. There are seven chapters and about 120000 charicaters in the paper.Chapter one",exordium"mainly intrduced the paper's resesrch range,writing purpose and research method.The author of the JiXiaoXinShu is gived a simple introduction. QiJiGuang(戚继光) is a famous genersl in Ming dynasty.During his long period in the fighting,he writted his famous book,which is eighteen- volume"JiXiaoXinShu".The language of it is largely reflected the spoken language in that time.Our study based on the book.The significance and value of this paper is mainly on corpus and syntax research on a special book. The syntax study of JiXiaoXinShu can filling the corpus blank in Ming dynasty on language.On the other hand, the syntax research on a special book proviods a deeper understanding of syntax system at that time. According to the comparition with the syntax before or after that time,we can also recognize the syntax feature of Ming dynsty.The research method on this paper conclude four parts: exhausted description act and statistical analysis,comparative method,semantic analysis,cognitive languistics perspective and construction grammar perspective.Chapter two,"the study of Dispoal Constructure": the first section ,mainly investigates the syntactic structure and frequency of Disposal Constructure in JiXiaoXinShu .We realized that"将+O(+Z)+V+C"is a maximum of type in the book. From the type of the Disposal Construture ,we can conclued that"将+O(+Z)+V+C"has already set up to maturity at time of Ming dynasty,which is frequently appeared in the book for two reasons. One is its carring a large amount of information. The other is its meeting the demands of complex semantic.The amount of Dispoal Constructure whose end is a single verb is significantly reduced .It is ususlly existed in the poetry and idioms.It is rarely existed in discription sentence.When this happens ,Its end is usually a two-syllable verb.In addition, the local components developed dispocal constructure and the omitted form of dispocal construture are few appeared in the book.The negative words in the constructure is"勿",whose location can be before the verb or before"jiang"(将). When its location is before jiang,whose field of control is the whole sentence. When its location is before verb,whose negative emphasis is on the moves.The second section investigates the semantics and text features of the diapocal construture.In addition,we also research on the reason why"jiang"sentence is dominant in the book. In order to give a clear expression,we writte Dispoal Constraction into"A将B+VP",From a perspective of construction grammar,we look on jiang sentence in JiXiaoXinShu as a proto-roles construction. A is a shilizhe(施力者). B is a shoulizhe(受力者),VP is the result of the imposing. The sentence semantics is that A give a role to B and have a result. It can be devided to two typies .One is the subjective proto-roles construction.the other is the objective proto-roles construction.One of the roles of the"Jiang"sentence in the text is to change the topic.In a discourse , several jiang sentence appeared series has always been a sustained and development in a main topic chain.In the book,the main dispoal constructure is jiang sentence. Ba sentence appeared only once.The use of jiang sentence reveals a classical feature of the discourse. Jiang sentence aiso give a objective discription of the text.the advantages of jiang sentence is why it is largely existed in the book.Chapter three, the study of you sentence include two sections : the fist section investigates the structural analysis of the有sentence."NP1有NP2"has a high frenquency comporative with other typies.Up to today ,it is still an important research.Some"将"sentence has not been developed,they are just a begin to late use. For example,"V有"structure have still many restrictions in using. The meaning of it is single. It is only appeared after verbs whose sementics includes getting and attachment."有VP"structure have a large number in Contemporary Chinese.while according to our study,it is seldem appeared in mordern chinese except some idioms.There are some kinds of structures which appeared in ancient chinese. The number of occurrens of them is small,just appesred in specfic contexts. The second section of the chapter is to investigate the semantic feature of the"有"sentence. We realized that the meaning of the"有"sentence can be unified to existing,other strnctures can find answers from this.Chapter four,the study of the"在"sentence : this chapter is devided into three sections, the first section is about the"在"sentence in which"在"is a major predicate. In this section,we first investigate the the syntactic structure and frequency of it.then gave a explation of its development of semantics with a Cognitive Linguistics thinking."NP+在+NP2"constructure has a largest number and also expressed rich semantic.The second section is about the zai sentence in which zai is in a non-predicate position. According to syntactic structure type,there are six kind of types in the book, cluding"VO在L","S+V+在L","将O+V+在L","在L+V","在L+小句"..V in"V在L"is usually a monosyllabic verb,those verb have a common characteristics of the semantic,that is,the active they expressed are instant action."在L"is placed behind the verbs because it is representatives of conventional focus. The position of"在L"of the sentence is in line with the position under the semantic distribution principle, it means that the movements in the results of the verb, that the action of the verb in front of the verb.The third section is about the comparative between the"在"sentence and the"有"sentence , Their prototype sentence structure and semantics has a great similarity. this similarity decided no matter how they have been extended,they can be find out from the meaning of existing. While in the prototype structure, their Semantic focus differ from each other.as a result, In the semantic development, their combination functions,the status of the sentence,,the sentence independence is not the same.Chapter five,the study of the"是"sentence : this chapter is devided into two sections, the first section is about the"是"sentence which has no modified ingredients in front of"是", In this section,we first investigate the the syntactic structure and frequency of it.then gave a explation of its development of semantics .we writte this kind of the"是"sentence as"X是Y", According to syntactic structure type,there are six kind of types in the book, cluding"NP是NP","VP是NP","VP是VP","NP是VP","主谓词组是VP"."是"has the double semantics including judgment and interpretation in ancient Chinese. While it is first grammaticalized under the condition of judgment. Impact on the word's semantic shift has two main factors, the first factor is the word's complexity in X and Y position, according to the number of cognitive linguistics principle, the more complex X and Y are, the more complex the concept is , the more stronger the semantics of"是"is tend to be interpretation.The second factor is the discrete degree of words in X and Y position, the higher the degree of dispersion, the greater the likelihood that is the judgment, it is decided by the prototype sentence, and the similarity prototype of greater significance will be that close, when both X and Y components of the verb, explained that the greater the possibility that when X or Y when one of the preferred verb components, the whole sentence is a judge and explain the state may.The second section is about the the"是"sentence which has modified ingredients in front of是.those modified ingredients inclued adverb,conjuction and other partners. When they appeared before the word"是", to a certain extent, they affected the word of the original semantics, weaken or strengthen even nominal the function of the word.When some adverbs and conjuctions are before the word"是",they have already been a part of word,"是"is a morpheme,some words has just begin their norminal,some adverbs can never be a part of word when they are placed before"是"because of their semantics,such as nai(乃)and jue(决). At what time"是"be a morpseme has not been determined. from our reaesrch on jixiaoxinshu and other academic's research results ,we can deduced: In the late Ming Dynasty, it has been relatively stable.for shi to be used as a part of a word. However, because the development of vocabulary replacement or other reasons, many of this kind of portfolio have not been passed down. but at least in the late Ming Dynast the nominal y in some words in the portfolio has already been accomplished.Chapter six,the study about verb-complement structure:this chapter inclued four sections: the study of verb-result complement structure verb-directional verb complement structure verb-complement structure with de other verb-complement structure.The first section deals with verb-result complement structure.according to the internal components of them,we divided them into three parts : V+V自,V+V他,V+A. V+V自has a high frenquency comporative with other typies. V + A is complicated compared to other typies. Monosyllabic and double-syllable adjectives may enter the position of A.It can deduced that adjectives serve as a complement to be less restrictive. Ahthough the amount of totle"V+A"is high in JiXiaoXinShu. to a single adjective ,the frequency is not high.Focused on the problem of"verb-result complement+object",we reslized that whether object appeared behind the"verb-result complement"or nor in the language reflected its choice of different sentence, such a choice is decided by the internal and external constraints when people used the language to comuniate each other.The second section deals witn the verb-directional verb complement structure. In this section,we first investigate it's internal structure and the grammarlization degree of ingredents. Directional verbs tend to be monosyllabic verb in common.such directional verbs as"上""下""来""去"have a high frequency. Based on semantical categories,"上"and"下"can be divided into the results of action and transposition."来"and"去"also have the semantics of result. for the verb-directional verb complement structure inJiXiaoXinShu, the verb is used to be an action verbs whose process is obvious .The third section deals with the verb-complement structure with"得"and its negative form. The verb-complement structure with"得"can be divided into two typies. One is "得" itself as complement, be written as "V得" construction. The semantic of the construction is the possibilities of actions.the other is"得"itself as structure pacrticle, behind which is complement,the tructure can be expressed as"V得C"construction. The semantic of the construction is the result of the actions."V不C"is the negative form of"V得C",there are 21 examples in JiXiaoXinShu, based on semantic categories,"V不C"can be divided to two types,one is the negative form of the possibilities of actions,the other is the negative form of the result of the actions.The fouth section deals with the other verb-complement structures,mainly including number complementary and location complementary. Number complementary inclued verbal quantifier complementary and noun quantifier complementary. There are many verbal quantifier complementaries in JiXiaoXinShu, expressing the frequency of the action. Noun quantifier complementary is used to express the number of the noun behind the verb,consist of numberals and Classifiers.Location complementary is used to complement the movements related to actions. In accordance with the prepositions behind the verb,can be divided into by the preposition "于" and the introduction"在".Chapter seven is a summary of the whole dissertation.firstly,it generalizes the whole dissertation, then sorts out the sequence of ideas in it further. Secondly,it points out the inadequacy of the research and put forward some questions that need consider further.